Correlation between key indicators of continuous glucose monitoring and the risk of diabetic foot

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of the correlations between continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics and the risk of diabetic foot

Variable	Multivariate logistic regression
	β	OR	95%CI	P value
MBG
Model 1	1.056	2.876	1.876-4.409	< 0.001
Model 2	0.948	2.582	1.642-4.058	< 0.001
Model 3	0.998	2.712	1.697-4.334	< 0.001
Model 4	0.654	1.923	1.103-3.353	0.021
Model 5	0.813	2.255	1.222-4.163	0.009
TIR
Model 1	-0.182	0.834	0.776-0.895	< 0.001
Model 2	-0.167	0.846	0.784-0.913	< 0.001
Model 3	-0.180	0.836	0.772-0.904	< 0.001
Model 4	-0.114	0.892	0.814-0.978	0.015
Model 5	-0.143	0.867	0.784-0.957	0.005
TAR level 1
Model 1	0.249	1.283	1.156-1.424	< 0.001
Model 2	0.230	1.258	1.126-1.406	< 0.001
Model 3	0.243	1.275	1.138-1.429	< 0.001
Model 4	0.173	1.189	1.044-1.353	0.009
Model 5	0.203	1.225	1.065-1.407	0.004
TAR level 2
Model 1	0.258	1.294	1.121-1.493	< 0.001
Model 2	0.236	1.266	1.088-1.473	0.002
Model 3	0.253	1.287	1.099-1.508	0.002
Model 4	0.104	1.109	0.930-1.324	0.250
Model 5	0.168	1.183	0.970-1.442	0.098
GRI
Model 1	0.141	1.151	1.084-1.223	< 0.001
Model 2	0.131	1.140	1.068-1.216	< 0.001
Model 3	0.141	1.151	1.077-1.231	< 0.001
Model 4	0.084	1.087	1.007-1.175	0.033
Model 5	0.109	1.115	1.024-1.213	0.012

Odds ratios represent per 5% increase in mean blood glucose, per 10% increase in time in range, time above range (TAR) level 1, TAR level 2, and per 10-unit increase in glycemia risk index. Model 1: Non-adjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, diabetes duration, smoking, drinking; Model 3: Model 2+ presence of hypertension, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetes retinopathy; Model 4: Model 3+ white blood cell, hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, albumin, and hemoglobin A1c; Model 5: Model 4+ left lower limb ankle-brachial index (ABI), right lower limb ABI, and antidiabetic drugs. MBG: Mean blood glucose; GRI: Glycemia risk index; TAR: Time above range; TIR: Time in range.