Correlation between key indicators of continuous glucose monitoring and the risk of diabetic foot

Table 1 Comparison of general clinical data between the non-diabetic foot and diabetic foot groups, n (%)

Variables	NDF (n = 294)	DF (n = 297)	P value
Age, years	60.00 (52.00-69.00)	64.00 (54.00-71.00)	0.045
Male	160 (54.42)	189 (63.64)	0.023
BMI, kg/m2	24.23 (22.50-26.54)	24.34 (22.22-26.25)	0.672
WHR	0.93 (0.89-0.96)	0.90 (0.90-1.00)	< 0.001
Diabetes duration, months	72.00 (12.00-144.00)	120.00 (60.00-216.00)	< 0.001
Family history of diabetes	111 (37.76)	124 (41.75)	0.321
Smoking (current)	107 (36.39)	82 (27.61)	0.022
Drinking (current)	98 (33.33)	67 (22.56)	0.004
Presence of hypertension	165 (56.12)	196 (65.99)	0.014
Amputation	0	10 (3.37)	< 0.001
Left lower limb ABI	1.03 (1.01-1.06)	1.08 (1.01-1.15)	< 0.001
Right lower limb ABI	1.06 (1.03-1.10)	1.08 (1.02-1.15)	0.026
Antidiabetic drugs
Non insulin	78 (26.53)	24 (8.08)	< 0.001
Insulin	49 (16.67)	133 (44.78)	< 0.001
Both	167 (56.80)	140 (47.14)	0.019
Diabetic complications
DPN	286 (97.28)	282 (94.95)	0.143
DPVD	230 (78.23)	245 (82.49)	0.192
DAN	49 (16.67)	88 (29.63)	< 0.001
DN	126 (42.86)	167 (56.23)	0.001
DR	143 (48.64)	119 (40.07)	0.036
Biochemical indexes
WBC, × 109/L	6.68 (5.58-7.96)	7.30 (6.05-9.00)	0.000
NE, × 109/L	4.13 (3.21-4.99)	4.60 (3.70-6.40)	0.000
Hb, g/L	144.00 (132.00-155.00)	134.00 (118.00-148.50)	0.000
TC, mmol/L	4.66 (3.73-5.44)	4.20 (3.40-4.90)	0.000
TG, mmol/L	1.72 (1.12-2.55)	1.40 (0.90-2.00)	0.000
H-DLC, mmol/L	0.99 (0.83-1.18)	1.00 (0.80-1.10)	0.366
L-DLC, mmol/L	2.58 (1.89-3.18)	2.40 (1.80-3.10)	0.085
ALB, g/L	39.20 (36.55-41.70)	36.30 (32.40-39.50)	0.000
AST, U/L	19.00 (15.00-23.00)	19.000 (15.00-25.00)	0.812
ALT, U/L	19.00 (14.00-27.00)	18.00 (13.00-26.00)	0.072
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	83.66 (65.15-109.49)	79.14 (57.83-102.70)	0.086
FPG, mmol/L	7.44 (5.54-10.31)	7.70 (5.70-10.45)	0.342
HbA1c, %	8.80 (7.20-10.53)	9.50 (7.75-11.00)	0.002
Islet function
FINS, μIU/mL	9.60 (5.69-15.60)	10.55 (5.52-19.05)	0.350
C-P, ng/mL	1.87 (1.24-2.59)	1.59 (0.86-2.59)	0.045
HOMA-β	44.97 (24.39-97.91)	47.72 (22.38-125.24)	0.546
HOMA-IR	3.55 (1.74-6.01)	3.42 (2.10-7.11)	0.376

Bold values indicate P < 0.05. Data were expressed as medians (25^th-75^th percentiles) for skewed distribution variables. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency (percentage). NDF: Non-diabetic foot; DF: Diabetic foot; BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; ABI: Ankle-brachial index; DPN: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DPVD: Diabetic peripheral vascular disease; DAN: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy; DN: Diabetic nephropathy; DR: Diabetes retinopathy; WBC: White blood cell; NE: Neutrophils; Hb: Hemoglobin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALB: Albumin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; FINS: Fasting insulin; C-P: C-Peptide; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment of β cell function; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.