Association between serum retinol-binding protein and lower limb atherosclerosis risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Baseline characteristics in the study participants based on serum retinol-binding protein tertiles

Characteristic	Q1 (n = 1474)	Q2 (n = 1478)	Q3 (n = 1476)	P value
lower limb atherosclerosis, n (%)	759 (51.49)	794 (53.73)	962 (66.18)	< 0.001
Age, years	56.00 [47.00, 64.00]	55.00 [47.25, 64.75]	56.00 [49.00, 65.00]	0.130
Male, n (%)	775 (52.58)	893 (60.42)	1023 (69.31)	< 0.001
Cigarette smoking history, n (%)	501 (33.99)	595 (40.26)	690 (46.75)	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption history, n (%)	469 (31.82)	578 (39.11)	675 (45.73)	< 0.001
Hypertension, n (%)	727 (49.32)	912 (61.71)	1126 (76.29)	< 0.001
CHD, n (%)	207 (14.04)	279 (18.88)	352 (23.85)	< 0.001
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	598 (40.57)	905 (61.23)	1018 (68.97)	< 0.001
SBP, mmHg	126.00 [113.00, 139.00]	129.00 [117.00, 142.00]	132.00 [119.00, 148.00]	< 0.001
DBP, mmHg	79.00 [71.00, 87.00]	81.00 [73.00, 89.75]	83.00 [75.00, 92.00]	< 0.001
BMI, kg/m2	23.20 [20.70, 26.00]	24.20 [22.10, 26.40]	24.90 [22.60, 27.20]	< 0.001
RBP, mg/L	23.80 [20.40, 26.15]	31.90 [30.07, 33.90]	42.61 [38.90, 48.16]	< 0.001
HbA1c, %	9.00 [7.20, 10.90]	8.30 [7.00, 10.20]	8.05 [6.80, 9.70]	< 0.001
FBG, mmol/L	8.93 [6.52, 12.57]	8.37 [6.52, 11.19]	8.23 [6.59, 10.78]	< 0.001
TC, mmol/L	4.38 [3.68, 5.12]	4.66 [3.92, 5.42]	4.80 [4.00, 5.63]	< 0.001
LDL, mmol/L	2.74 [2.23, 3.25]	2.88 [2.41, 3.46]	2.96 [2.39, 3.52]	< 0.001
TG, mmol/L	1.27 [0.94, 1.80]	1.57 [1.15, 2.32]	1.95 [1.37, 2.91]	< 0.001
HDL, mmol/L	1.10 [0.90, 1.34]	1.11 [0.94, 1.30]	1.08 [0.94, 1.28]	0.440
WBC count, 109/L	6.17 [4.99, 7.56]	6.18 [5.22, 7.44]	6.58 [5.46, 7.89]	< 0.001
CRP, mg/L	3.87 [1.32, 21.64]	2.37 [1.08, 7.73]	2.74 [1.19, 9.30]	< 0.001
AST, IU/L	20.60 [16.36, 27.80]	20.50 [17.21, 25.30]	20.98 [17.30, 25.75]	0.466
ALT, IU/L	18.65 [13.11, 30.30]	19.73 [14.61, 27.90]	19.90 [14.75, 29.10]	0.027
UA, μmol/L	277.00 [227.00, 333.00]	325.00 [270.89, 384.00]	380.00 [321.00, 441.12]	< 0.001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m2	105.85 [90.95, 120.70]	100.24 [85.50, 114.03]	81.76 [53.80, 101.49]	< 0.001

Data are presented as median and interquartile range [25%, 75%]. CHD: Coronary heart disease; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; RBP: Retinol-binding protein; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; WBC: White blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.