Association between serum retinol-binding protein and lower limb atherosclerosis risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Baseline characteristics in the study participants

Characteristic	Overall (n = 4428)	Non-lower limb atherosclerosis (n = 1913)	Lower limb atherosclerosis (n = 2515)	P value
RBP, mg/L	31.90 [26.15, 38.90]	30.96 [25.50, 36.95]	32.76 [26.80, 40.50]	< 0.001
Age, years	56.00 [48.00, 65.00]	50.00 [40.00, 58.00]	59.00 [52.00, 68.00]	< 0.001
Male, n (%)	2691 (60.77)	1051 (54.94)	1640 (65.21)	< 0.001
Cigarette smoking history, n (%)	1786 (40.33)	649 (33.93)	1137 (45.21)	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption history, n (%)	1722 (38.89)	671 (35.08)	1051 (41.79)	< 0.001
Hypertension, n (%)	2765 (62.44)	995 (52.01)	1770 (70.38)	< 0.001
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	2521 (56.93)	1102 (57.61)	1419 (56.42)	0.449
CHD, n (%)	838 (18.93)	227 (11.87)	611 (24.29)	< 0.001
SBP, mmHg	129.00 [116.00, 143.00]	126.00 [114.00, 139.00]	132.00 [119.00, 145.00]	< 0.001
DBP, mmHg	80.50 [73.00, 89.00]	81.00 [73.00, 90.00]	80.00 [73.00, 89.00]	0.196
BMI, kg/m2	24.20 [21.80, 26.60]	24.20 [21.70, 26.90]	24.10 [21.90, 26.40]	0.132
HbA1c, %	8.40 [7.00, 10.30]	8.30 [6.80, 10.45]	8.50 [7.10, 10.20]	0.020
FBG, mmol/L	8.49 [6.56, 11.40]	8.29 [6.38, 11.59]	8.62 [6.70, 11.29]	0.054
TC, mmol/L	4.59 [3.87, 5.39]	4.62 [3.92, 5.34]	4.58 [3.82, 5.42]	0.67
LDL, mmol/L	2.86 [2.35, 3.41]	2.86 [2.37, 3.35]	2.87 [2.33, 3.46]	0.383
TG, mmol/L	1.56 [1.11, 2.35]	1.57 [1.10, 2.43]	1.56 [1.13, 2.27]	0.351
HDL, mmol/L	1.10 [0.92, 1.30]	1.11 [0.94, 1.32]	1.09 [0.92, 1.29]	0.004
WBC count, 109/L	6.30 [5.24, 7.64]	6.10 [5.10, 7.41]	6.46 [5.35, 7.86]	< 0.001
CRP, mg/L	2.93 [1.19, 11.58]	2.62 [1.08, 9.14]	3.20 [1.26, 14.24]	< 0.001
AST, IU/L	20.67 [17.00, 26.10]	21.10 [17.20, 27.40]	20.40 [16.85, 25.10]	< 0.001
ALT, IU/L	19.45 [14.10, 28.80]	20.90 [15.00, 32.75]	18.65 [13.70, 26.62]	< 0.001
UA, μmol/L	326.20 [265.00, 398.00]	326.00 [265.10, 396.00]	327.00 [264.00, 399.50]	0.850
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m2	97.66 [77.73, 113.18]	104.67 [88.91, 120.20]	91.16 [69.40, 107.07]	< 0.001

Data are presented as median and interquartile range [25%, 75%]. RBP: Retinol-binding protein; CHD: Coronary heart disease; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; WBC: White blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.