Role of duodenal mucosal resurfacing in controlling diabetes in rats

Figure 3 Effects of duodenal mucosal resurfacing procedure on liver, enteroendocrine cells, duodenal villi, and crypts in type 2 diabetes rats. A: Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of the liver in normal control (NC), type 2 diabetes (T2D) + sham and T2D + duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) rats at postoperative weeks 3 and 6 (n = 5 mice per group, Scale bar = 50 μm); B: Immunohistochemical analyses of duodenal cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 in NC, T2D + sham and T2D + DMR rats at postoperative weeks 6 (n = 4 mice per group, Scale bar = 50 μm); C: HE staining of the duodenum in NC, T2D + sham and T2D + DMR rats at postoperative weeks 3 and 6 (n = 5 mice per group, Scale bar = 500 μm); D and E: The villus length and crypt depth in NC, T2D + sham and T2D + DMR rats at postoperative weeks 3 and 6 (n = 5 mice per group). Data are presented as mean ± SE. ¹P < 0.01 vs normal control group. ²P < 0.001 vs normal control group. ³P < 0.001 vs type 2 diabetes-sham group. DMR: Duodenal mucosal resurfacing; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; NC: Normal control; CCK: Cholecystokinin; GIP: Gastric inhibitory peptide; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1.