Triglyceride-glucose related indices as predictors for major adverse cardiovascular events and overall mortality in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by quartiles of triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio, n (%)

	Overall	Q1 (n = 2524)	Q2 (n = 2523)	Q3 (n = 2523)	Q4 (n = 2524)	P value
TyG-WHtR	5.97 ± 0.92	4.83 ± 0.37	5.62 ± 0.17	6.24 ± 0.19	7.17 ± 0.50	< 0.001
Age (years)	62.80 ± 6.64	63.56 ± 7.04	63.10 ± 6.73	62.63 ± 6.50	61.92 ± 6.16	< 0.001
Sex						< 0.001
Male	6206 (61.48)	1706 (67.59)	1661 (65.83)	1525 (60.44)	1314 (52.06)
Female	3888 (38.52)	818 (32.41)	862 (34.17)	998 (39.56)	1210 (47.94)
Race						< 0.001
White	6302 (62.43)	1201 (47.58)	1489 (59.02)	1677 (66.47)	1935 (76.66)
Non-white	3792 (37.57)	1323 (52.42)	1034 (40.98)	846 (33.53)	589 (23.34)
Education						< 0.001
Less than high school graduate	1492 (14.79)	364 (14.44)	389 (15.42)	400 (15.87)	339 (13.44)
High school grad (or GED)	2662 (26.39)	668 (26.50)	657 (26.05)	645 (25.59)	692 (27.43)
Some college or technical school	3311 (32.82)	736 (29.19)	818 (32.43)	839 (33.28)	918 (36.39)
College graduate or more	2622 (25.99)	753 (29.87)	658 (26.09)	637 (25.27)	574 (22.75)
CVD History	3556 (35.23)	848 (33.60)	931 (36.90)	856 (33.93)	921 (36.49)	0.022
Duration of diabetes (years)	10.79 ± 7.58	11.70 ± 7.99	11.07 ± 7.68	10.30 ± 7.29	10.08 ± 7.26	< 0.001
Previous hypertension	7609 (75.38)	1847 (73.18)	1908 (75.62)	1899 (75.27)	1955 (77.46)	0.006
Previous hyperlipidemia	7065 (69.99)	1713 (67.87)	1792 (71.03)	1784 (70.71)	1776 (70.36)	0.058
Proteinuria	2001 (19.83)	443 (17.55)	443 (17.56)	527 (20.90)	588 (23.30)	< 0.001
Heart failure	484 (4.80)	102 (4.04)	94 (3.73)	107 (4.24)	181 (7.17)	< 0.001
Depression	2394 (23.72)	409 (16.20)	510 (20.21)	631 (25.02)	844 (33.45)	< 0.001
Living alone	2039 (20.20)	460 (18.23)	496 (19.67)	519 (20.57)	564 (22.35)	0.003
Smoking						< 0.001
Yes	5886 (58.31)	1391 (55.11)	1483 (58.78)	1474 (58.42)	1538 (60.94)
No	4208 (41.69)	1133 (44.89)	1040 (41.22)	1049 (41.58)	986 (39.06)
Alcohol						< 0.001
Yes	2414 (23.92)	637 (25.24)	655 (25.97)	612 (24.28)	510 (20.21)
No	7676 (76.08)	1887 (74.76)	1867 (74.03)	1909 (75.72)	2013 (79.79)
BMI (kg/m2)	32.21 ± 5.40	27.09 ± 3.43	30.63 ± 3.63	33.62 ± 3.91	37.49 ± 4.21	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	136.36 ± 17.10	136.11 ± 17.04	136.41 ± 16.81	136.64 ± 17.21	136.30 ± 17.36	0.823
DBP (mmHg)	74.89 ± 10.66	73.41 ± 10.67	74.31 ± 10.31	75.66 ± 10.66	76.18 ± 10.78	< 0.001
Heart rate, bpm	72.66 ± 11.74	70.82 ± 11.31	71.81 ± 11.58	73.47 ± 11.82	74.54 ± 11.90	< 0.001
FPG (mg/dL)	175.21 ± 56.16	154.52 ± 52.23	168.84 ± 51.57	179.59 ± 54.19	197.88 ± 57.38	< 0.001
HbA1C (%)	8.30 ± 1.06	8.16 ± 1.06	8.24 ± 1.02	8.32 ± 1.03	8.48 ± 1.09	< 0.001
TC (mg/dL)	183.29 ± 41.85	173.74 ± 37.60	179.77 ± 39.06	184.93 ± 40.26	194.72 ± 47.02	< 0.001
TG (mg/dL)	190.26 ± 148.59	113.74 ± 57.49	166.67 ± 93.30	201.97 ± 120.21	278.64 ± 217.96	< 0.001
VLDL-C (mg/dL)	36.56 ± 24.38	22.69 ± 11.33	32.88 ± 16.77	39.16 ± 20.68	51.52 ± 33.22	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	104.86 ± 33.89	104.48 ± 31.87	105.21 ± 33.52	104.97 ± 33.83	104.77 ± 36.22	0.717
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	91.05 ± 27.18	90.82 ± 24.23	91.06 ± 29.91	91.03 ± 27.48	91.30 ± 26.79	0.941
WC (cm)	106.74 ± 13.64	92.87 ± 8.68	102.75 ± 8.36	110.47 ± 8.81	120.85 ± 9.98	< 0.001
WHtR	0.63 ± 0.08	0.54 ± 0.04	0.60 ± 0.04	0.65 ± 0.04	0.72 ± 0.05	< 0.001
Medications
ARB/ACEI	6992 (69.27)	1678 (66.48)	1738 (68.89)	1754 (69.52)	1822 (72.19)	< 0.001
CCB	1929 (19.11)	457 (18.11)	469 (18.59)	488 (19.34)	515 (20.40)	0.178
β-Blockers	3041 (30.21)	641 (25.45)	725 (28.84)	807 (32.07)	868 (34.47)	< 0.001
Biguanides	6455 (63.96)	1563 (61.93)	1618 (64.13)	1644 (65.19)	1630 (64.58)	0.085
Thiazolidinediones	2228 (22.07)	527 (20.88)	503 (19.94)	598 (23.71)	600 (23.77)	< 0.001
Sulfonylureas	5401 (53.51)	1374 (54.44)	1372 (54.38)	1329 (52.70)	1326 (52.54)	0.351
Insulins	3522 (34.89)	822 (32.57)	858 (34.01)	908 (35.99)	934 (37.00)	0.004
Statins	6417 (63.81)	1644 (65.39)	1636 (65.23)	1601 (63.58)	1536 (61.03)	0.004
Aspirin	5497 (54.70)	1341 (53.36)	1344 (53.61)	1436 (57.12)	1376 (54.71)	0.030
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors	205 (2.04)	46 (1.83)	58 (2.31)	52 (2.07)	49 (1.95)	0.658
MACEs	1791 (17.74)	367 (14.54)	458 (18.15)	467 (18.51)	499 (19.77)	< 0.001
Total mortality	1914 (18.96)	420 (16.64)	457 (18.11)	484 (19.18)	553 (21.91)	< 0.001

Data are shown as mean ± SD, median (Q1-Q4), or as n (%). P value for the test of the difference across quartiles of TyG-WHtR index were obtained by using the χ² test (categorical variables), ANOVA (continuous variables), or Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric comparisons). TyG: Triglyceride glucose; WHtR: Waist height ratio; WC: Waist circumference; GED: General education development; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1C: Glycated hemoglobin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEI: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; CCB: Calcium channel blockers; MACEs: Major adverse cardiovascular events.