Comprehensive review on diabetic foot ulcers and neuropathy: Treatment, prevention and management

Table 1 Correlation between demographic factors and clinical outcomes

Demographic factors	Risk of DFU	Incidence of amputation/lower-extremity amputation	Healing time	Causes
Age	More	Higher	Longer	Longer duration of diabetes, the cumulative effects of hyperglycemia, and a higher prevalence of micro- and macrovascular complications
Sex	1.5 times more in male	1.4 to 3.5 times higher	Longer	Higher prevalence of PN, PAD, and cardiovascular disease
Race/ethnicity	More in Black, Hispanic, and other non-Whites than white groups	3 to 5 times higher	Longer	Unequal access to care manifests
Socioeconomic and geographic disparities	More	1.5 to 2.5 times higher	Longer	Lowest-income categories/lower education levels means disparities in access to care and biases in practice patterns
Overweight/obesity	No association	No association	Not defined	Not defined
Smoking	More	Higher	Longer	PN and PAD both

PN: Peripheral neuropathy; PAD: Peripheral arterial disease; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer.