DNA methylation in the association between pesticide exposures and type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Genes whose methylation is involved in pesticide exposure and type 2 diabetes

Gene	Function	Pesticide exposure & DNA methylation1			DNA methylation & T2D2
		Type of pesticide	Methylation status	Location	Methylation status	Location
Alu	A member of the short interspersed repetitive DNA elements family of repetitive elements	Persistent organic pollutants	↓[32-35]	-	↓[49]	-
CABLES1	Located on 18q11.2, encodes a protein involved in cell cycle regulation through interactions with several cyclin-dependent kinases	Atrazine	↑[31]	Promoter	↓[42]	Body
CDH1	Located on 16q22.1, encodes a classical cadherin of the cadherin superfamily	Imidacloprid	↓[39]	Promoter	↑[43]	Body
		Persistent organic pollutants	↑[40]	Promoter
PDX1	Located on 13q12.2, the protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator of several genes, including insulin, somatostatin, glucokinase, islet amyloid polypeptide, and glucose transporter type 2	Fonofos, parathion, terbufos	↑[36]	Promoter	↑[45]	Intronic region
PTEN	Located on 10q23.31, the protein encoded by this gene is a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase	Diazinon	↑[37]	Promoter	↓[46]	Promoter
PTPRN2	Located on 7q36.3, encodes a protein with sequence similarity to receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases	Pesticide	↓[38]	Body	↓	Body[47]/CpG island[48]

¹The methylation status and location of genes in pesticide exposure and DNA methylation.

²The methylation status and location of genes in DNA methylation and the onset of type 2 diabetes.

↑: Hypermethylation; ↓: Hypomethylation; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; CpG: Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine.