Investigation and study on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus in Guizhou

Table 2 Comparison of general data of gestational diabetes mellitus groups and non-gestational diabetes mellitus groups, n (%)

Normal information	Non-GDM group (n = 2800)	GDM group (n = 2838)	χ²/t	P value
Age, year, mean ± SD	28.28 ± 7.76	30.57 ± 5.47	-7.212	< 0.001
Age segment, year			16.069	< 0.001
< 35	2150 (76.8)	2047 (72.1)
≥ 35	650 (23.2)	791 (27.9)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD	23.59 ± 3.93	25.57 ± 3.88	-19.036	< 0.001
Ethnicity			17.081	< 0.001
Han	1777 (63.5)	1951 (68.7)
Minority	1023 (36.5)	887 (31.3)
Education level			210.721	< 0.001
Junior-senior high school	966 (34.5)	1489 (52.5)
Technical secondary school and junior college	1231 (44.0)	786 (27.7)
Bachelor degree or above	603 (21.5)	563 (19.8)
Occupation1			19.567	< 0.001
None	2045 (73.0)	1920 (67.7)
Yes	755 (27.0)	918 (32.3)
Gravidity, times			20.180	< 0.001
1	702 (25.1)	691 (24.4)
2	864 (30.8)	742 (26.1)
≥ 3	1234 (44.1)	1405 (49.5)
Parity			2.674	0.263
0	443 (15.8)	491 (17.2)
1	1245 (44.4)	1217 (42.8)
≥ 2	1112 (39.8)	1130 (40.0)
Family history of diabetes			17.263	< 0.001
None	2784 (99.4)	2788 (98.2)
Yes	16 (0.6)	50 (1.8)
Past GDM medical history			1.240	0.266
None	2785 (99.4)	2816 (99.2)
Yes	15 (0.6)	22 (0.8)
Family history of hypertension			1.787	0.181
None	2787 (99.5)	2817 (99.2)
Yes	13 (0.5)	21 (0.8)
History of previous endocrine disorders			7.360	0.007
None	2791 (99.7)	2813 (99.1)
Yes	9 (0.3)	25 (0.9)

¹Represents light physical activity (e.g., office workers, administrative staff), and non-working (e.g., homemakers, unemployed).

P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Continuous variables (e.g., age, pre-pregnancy body mass index) are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using the independent t-test. Categorical variables (e.g., age segments, ethnicity, education level) were compared using the χ² test. Degrees of freedom are based on the number of categories for each variable. BMI: Body mass index; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.