Dapagliflozin exerts anti-apoptotic effects by mitigating macrophage polarization via modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway

Figure 6 Dapagliflozin reduces human monocyte cell line cell polarization toward the M1 phenotype and decreases the expression levels of inflammatory factors, effects that are inhibited by 740Y-P (a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway agonist). Relative mRNA expression levels of M1 macrophage surface markers: A: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; B: Cluster of differentiation 86; Expression ratio of M1 macrophages: C: Cluster of differentiation 11b + detected by flow cytometry; D: Cluster of differentiation 86+ detected by flow cytometry; Relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors: E: Interleukin-6; F: Interleukin-1β; G: Tumor necrosis factor-α. The bars indicate the mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). ¹P < 0.05 vs normal control group; ²P < 0.05 vs lipopolysaccharides + interferon-γ; ³P < 0.05 vs lipopolysaccharides + interferon-γ + dapagliflozin. NC: Normal control group; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; 740Y-P: A PI3K/AKT signaling pathway agonist; PI: Propidium iodide; DAPA: Type 2 diabetic mouse group treated with dapagliflozin; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; CD: Cluster of differentiation; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase.