Dapagliflozin exerts anti-apoptotic effects by mitigating macrophage polarization via modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway

Figure 5 Dapagliflozin ameliorated the human monocyte cell line cell apoptosis, which was inhibited by 740Y-P (a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway agonist). Relative mRNA expression levels of the following apoptosis-related factors: A: Proapoptotic factors (Caspase 3) B: Antiapoptotic factors (BCL2); C: Flow cytometry and Annexin V-fluorescein Isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining were used to observe apoptosis; D: Quantitative analysis of the apoptosis ratio. The bars indicate the mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). ¹P < 0.05 vs normal control group; ²P < 0.05 vs lipopolysaccharides + interferon-γ; ³P < 0.05 vs lipopolysaccharides + interferon-γ + dapagliflozin. NC: Normal control group; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; 740Y-P: A PI3K/AKT signaling pathway agonist; PI: Propidium iodide; DAPA: Type 2 diabetic mouse group treated with dapagliflozin.