Dapagliflozin exerts anti-apoptotic effects by mitigating macrophage polarization via modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway

Figure 2 Apoptosis, M1 polarization, and inflammatory factor expression were reduced in peritoneal macrophages from dapagliflozin-treated mice. Relative mRNA expression levels of M1 macrophage surface markers: A: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; B: Cluster of differentiation 86; Relative mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related factors: C: Proapoptotic factor (Caspase 3); D: Antiapoptotic factor = (BCL2); Relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors: E: Interleukin-6; F: Interleukin-1β; G: Tumor necrosis factor-α. The bars indicate the mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). ¹P < 0.05 vs normal control group; ²P < 0.05 vs type 2 diabetic mouse group. NC: Normal control group; DM: Type 2 diabetic mouse group; DAPA: Type 2 diabetic mouse group treated with dapagliflozin; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; CD: Cluster of differentiation; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase.