Associations between food insecurity with gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal outcomes mediated by dietary diversity: A cross-sectional study

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.95463

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Feb 15, 2025 (publication date) through Jan 9, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2025; 16(2): 95463
Published online Feb 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.95463

Table 3 Baseline characteristics maternal and neonatal outcomes by dietary diversity score quartile categories, n (%)

Variable	Q1 (n = 108)	Q2 (n = 164)	Q3 (n = 196)	Q4 (n = 132)	P value
DDS	4.88 ± 0.36	5.87 ± 0.15	6.90 ± 0.2	8.30 ± 1.17	0.001^a
TG (mg/dL)	189.01 ± 88.23	170.78 ± 48.8	159.9 ± 47.4	159.9 ± 49.6	0.001^a
LDL (mg/dL)	124.68 ± 28.5	125.46 ± 26.3	123.43 ± 26.2	120.57 ± 23.6	0.422
TC (mg/dL)	179.59 ± 23.3	176.46 ± 28.6	174.80 ± 29.5	170.5 ± 27.8	0.08
HDL (mg/dL)	41.68 ± 8.2	44.76 ± 9.16	45.23 ± 7.1	45.57 ± 6.8	0.001^a
FBS (mg/dL)	92.91 ± 10.7	86.35 ± 13.9	85.81 ± 12.6	84.03 ± 11.1	0.001^a
SBP (mmHg)	117.7 ± 15.7	118.43 ± 17.2	114.88 ± 13.1	113.91 ± 15.1	0.030^a
DBP (mmHg)	74.46 ± 8.3	74.01 ± 10.4	73.39 ± 8.5	72.52 ± 9.5	0.376^a
Maternal outcomes
GDM
No	76 (70.5)	129 (78.5)	162 (82.5)	118 (89.5)	0.001^a
Yes	44 (57)	30 (40)	2 (3)	0 (0)
Hypertension/preeclampsia
No	87 (80)	130 (79.5)	175 (89.5)	116 (88)	0.024^a
Yes	21 (20)	34 (20.5)	21 (10.5)	16 (12)
Gestational age	37.67 ± 1.5	37.06 ± 2.2	37.33 ± 2.2	37.76 ± 1.9	0.016^a
Weight before pregnancy	72.11 ± 9.5	69.13 ± 10.09	71.33 ± 9.7	70.88 ± 8.7	0.056
BMI before pregnancy	26.18 ± 3.1	26.61 ± 2.9	26.65 ± 4.1	26.24 ± 3.2	0.266
Total gestational weight gain (kg)	11.12 ± 3.89	9.95 ± 2.50	7.89 ± 4.95	9.72 ± 1.83	0.001^a
Neonatal outcomes
Neonatal RDS
No	106 (98)	158 (96.3)	192 (96)	130 (98.5)	0.642
Yes	2 (2)	6 (3.7)	4 (2)	2 (1.5)
NICU admission
No	63 (59)	123 (75)	186 (95)	128 (97)	0.001^a
Yes	45 (41)	41 (25)	10 (5)	4 (3)
ELBW
No	106 (98)	156 (95)	191 (97.4)	128 (97)	0.526
Yes	2 (2)	8 (5)	5 (2.6)	4 (3)
Birth weight (kg)	3.62 ± 0.26	3.53 ± 0.38	3.58 ± 0.32	3.61 ± 0.33	0.102

^aP < 0.05 denotes significance.

P values were calculated using the one-way ANOVA test for comparisons of continuous variables AND Fisher's exact test P values for comparisons of categorical variables. NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; DDS: Dietary diversity score; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; RDS: Respiratory distress syndrome; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; ELBW: Extremely low birth weight.

Citation: Hou HL, Sun GX. Associations between food insecurity with gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal outcomes mediated by dietary diversity: A cross-sectional study. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(2): 95463
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i2/95463.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.95463