Associations between food insecurity with gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal outcomes mediated by dietary diversity: A cross-sectional study

Table 2 Maternal and neonatal outcomes by food security status, n (%)

Variable	Food secure (n = 270)	Marginally secure (n = 226)	Food insecure (n = 104)	All participants (n = 600)	P value
Maternal outcomes
GDM
No	262 (84)	202 (84)	60 (65.5)	524 (87)	0.001a
Yes	8 (16)	24 (16)	44 (34.5)	76 (13)
Hypertension/preeclampsia
No	248 (92)	195 (85.5)	65 (62.5)	508 (84)	0.001a
Yes	22 (8)	31 (4.5)	39 (6.5)	92 (16)
Gestational age	37.44 ± 2.1	37.47 ± 2.1	37.21 ± 2.2	37.44 ± 2.1	0.539
Weight before pregnancy	70.26 ± 9.3	71.24 ± 9.7	71.08 ± 10.1	70.77 ± 9.6	0.494
BMI before pregnancy	26.18 ± 3.1	26.61 ± 2.9	26.65 ± 4.1	26.24 ± 3.2	0.266
Weight gain (kg)	9.46 ± 2.5	9.03 ± 4.08	10.27 ± 2.85	9.44 ± 6.20	0.236
Neonatal outcomes
Neonatal RDS
No	268 (99.3)	228 (100)	92 (88.5)	586 (98)	0.001a
Yes	2 (0.7)	0 (0)	12 (11.5)	14 (2)
NICU admission
No	254 (94)	195 (86)	51 (49)	500 (83)	0.001a
Yes	16 (6)	31 (14)	53 (51)	100 (17)
ELBW
No	267 (99)	226 (100)	88 (84)	581 (96.5)	0.001a
Yes	3 (1)	0 (0)	16 (16)	19 (3.5)
Birth weight (kg)	3.61 ± 0.25	3.63 ± 0.18	3.41 ± 0.61	3.58 ± 0.33	0.001a

^aP < 0.05 denotes significance.

P values were calculated using the one-way ANOVA test for comparisons of continuous variables AND Fisher's exact test P values for comparisons of categorical variables. ELBW: Extremely low birth weight; BMI: Body mass index; RDS: Respiratory distress syndrome; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.