Associations between food insecurity with gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal outcomes mediated by dietary diversity: A cross-sectional study

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.95463

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Feb 15, 2025 (publication date) through Jan 24, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2025; 16(2): 95463
Published online Feb 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.95463

Table 1 Baseline characteristics, and dietary intakes by food security status, n (%)

Variable	Food secure (n = 270)	Marginally secure (n = 226)	Food insecure (n = 104)	All participants (n = 600)	P value
Age (years)	32.16 ± 7.76	33.5 ± 7.17	33.76 ± 8.01	32.95 ± 7.3	0.056
Education
Less than 12^th grade	116 (43)	120 (53)	58 (56)	294 (49)	0.008^a
High school degree	80 (30)	60 (26.5)	34 (32)	174 (29)
More than high school	74 (27)	46 (21.5)	12 (12)	132 (22)
Income
Good	197 (73)	22 (10)	6 (6)	225 (37.5)	0.001^a
Average	50 (19)	76 (33)	20 (19)	146 (24.5)
Poor	22 (8)	128 (57)	78 (75)	228 (38)
Physical activity (total MET)	62.10 ± 2.67	62.09 ± 3.2	61.36 ± 2.8	61.97 ± 2.9	0.066
DDS	7.05 ± 1.5	6.34 ± 1.2	5.78 ± 1.9	6.56 ± 1.3	0.001^a
TG (mg/dL)	159.38 ± 40.67	175.8 ± 76.1	174.05 ± 50.74	168.1 ± 58.5	0.004^a
LDL (mg/dL)	122.23 ± 27.34	124.14 ± 25.7	125.88 ± 23.2	123.58 ± 26.04	0.442
TC (mg/dL)	170.82 ± 27.7	180.04 ± 29.5	175.88 ± 23.3	175.17 ± 27.98	0.001^a
HDL (mg/dL)	44.45 ± 7.7	45.47 ± 8.2	42.75 ± 7.58	44.54 ± 7.95	0.015^a
FBS (mg/dL)	86.89 ± 11.9	85.74 ± 12.28	89.13 ± 15.09	86.85 ± 12.71	0.08
SBP (mmHg)	115.33 ± 14.43	116.29 ± 16.20	117.96 ± 15.66	116.15 ± 15.3	0.326
DBP (mmHg)	73.88 ± 9.4	72.8 ± 9.4	74.3 ± 8.7	73.56 ± 9.31	0.291
Nutrient
Total energy (kcal/day)	2153.11 ± 319.9	2072.5 ± 311.2	2010.4 ± 376.1	2098.1 ± 331.1	0.001^a
Carbohydrate (gr/day)	272.18 ± 61.6	272.05 ± 68.4	279.95 ± 64.8	273.48 ± 64.8	0.535
Protein (gr/day)	89.14 ± 16.4	88.65 ± 16.6	81.11 ± 16.6	87.56 ± 16.7	0.001^a
Fat (gr/day)	73.08 ± 15.5	68.70 ± 16.2	69.04 ± 16.3	70.73 ± 16.07	0.005^a
Fiber (gr/day)	19.9 ± 2.82	18.3 ± 6.34	16.22 ± 8.06	18.3 ± 1.3	0.193

^aP < 0.05, denote significance.

P values were calculated using the one-way ANOVA test for comparisons of continuous variables AND Fisher's exact test P values for comparisons of categorical variables. BMI: Body mass index; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; DDS: Dietary diversity score; TG: Triglycerides; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.

Citation: Hou HL, Sun GX. Associations between food insecurity with gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal outcomes mediated by dietary diversity: A cross-sectional study. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(2): 95463
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i2/95463.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.95463