Islet β-cell function preservation by different anti-diabetic treatments in Chinese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of included participants after propensity score matching

	OAD vs insulin			OAD vs insulin + OAD			Insulin vs insulin + OAD
	Insulin	OAD	P value	Insulin	Insulin + OAD	P value	OAD	Insulin + OAD	P value
Patients (n)	96	96		189	189		88	88
Men, n (%)	44 (45.8)	46 (47.9)	0.772	79 (41.7)	74 (39.1)	0.601	37 (42.0)	41 (46.5)	0.544
Age (year)	58.3 ± 4.8	57.3 ± 5.5	0.484	60.2 ± 13.4	59.1 ± 12.8	0.755	58.1 ± 4.8	59.3 ± 4.4	0.526
BMI (kg/m2)	23.4 ± 2.3	23.0 ± 3.3	0.448	24.6 ± 4.6	25.1 ±4.2	0.788	24.2 ± 3.5	24.9 ± 3.6	0.852
Weight	65.1 ± 7.5	65.9 ± 6.6	0.596	65.3 ± 6.7	64.8 ± 6.6	0.458	68.3 ± 6.7	65.1 ± 7.5	0.336
Waist (cm)	84.7 ± 11.4	85.2 ± 10.7	0.234	86.6 ± 9.6	87.4 ± 10.7	0.635	88.6 ± 11.6	89.7 ± 10.5	0.452
SBP (mmHg)	140 ± 22.3	138.1 ± 22.8	0.288	137.3 ± 24.1	139.1 ± 20.2	0.189	140.2 ± 23.2	139 ± 19.3	0.793
DBP (mmHg)	81.6 ± 12.1	81.2 ± 11.5	0.938	78.5 ± 12.5	79.2 ± 11.2	0.171	81.9 ± 12.3	81.6 ± 10.1	0.549
Hypertension (%)	43.7	36.4	0.501	39.7	40.7	0.842	42	39.8	0.891
HbA1c (%)	8.9± 2.3	8.6 ± 2.2	0.238	9.40 ± 2.19	9.43 ± 2.3	0.869	9.4 ± 3.9	9.6 ± 3.5	0.384
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.34 ± 0.51	1.37 ± 0.43	0.663	1.25 ± 0.36	1.25 ± 0.46	0.325	1.33 ± 0.75	1.31 ± 0.66	0.874
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.47 ± 0.88	3.42 ± 1.09	0.236	3.62 ± 0.99	3.832 ± 1.19	0.331	3.44 ± 1.15	3.67 ± 1.36	0.589
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.44 ± 1.08	5.41 ± 1.42	0.132	5.66 ± 1.21	5.71 ± 1.39	0.265	5.51 ± 1.06	5.69 ± 1.09	0.874
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.63 ± 1.33	1.69 ± 1.21	0.785	1.88 ± 1.11	1.89 ± 1.25	0.836	1.77 ± 1.36	1.98 ± 1.48	0.458
Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)	136.24 ± 87.6	148.43 ± 110.6	0.321	185.87 ± 95.4	198.43 ± 104.3	0.451	165.87 ± 76.6	162.24 ± 88.6	0.541
Plasma urea (mmol/L)	5.61 ± 1.3	5.66 ± 1.8	0.654	6.53 ± 1.9	6.36 ± 1.7	0.546	5.89 ± 2.0	6.32 ± 2.6	0.359
eGFR [mL/(min·1.73m2)]	101.5 ± 12.4	97.4 ± 13.6	0.213	84.5 ± 18.6	75.1 ± 17.6	0.336	88.4 ± 15.5	78.1 ± 16.4	0.125
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	7.97 ± 2.13	7.89 ± 2.47	0.365	8.56 ± 3.02	8.61 ± 3.00	0.836	8.64 ± 2.15	9.27 ± 3.13	0.381
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)	60.6 (36.5-65.7)	57.2 (29.3-75.9)	0.817	59.3 (33.1-69.0)	65.2 (36.3-69.9)	0.938	60.3 (31-68)	66.6 (29.5-68.7)	0.918
Fasting c peptide (nmol/L)	0.73 (0.54-0.86)	0.77 (0.50-1.07)	0.544	0.72 (0.50-0.90)	0.68 (0.47-0.88)	0.541	0.73 (0.51-0.85)	0.67 (0.45-0.79)	0.496
Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	12.3 ± 4.7	12.2 ± 4.1	0.847	13.3 ± 5.3	13.3 ± 4.9	0.981	13.6 ± 5.3	14.0 ± 4.5	0.977
Postprandial insulin (pmol/L)	232.5 (123.2-232.9)	232.6 (131.2-254)	0.501	222.3 (111-238.9)	222.6 (97.2-225)	0.403	194.3 (121.4-194.9)	194.5 (66.2-194.9)	0.411
Postprandial c peptide (nmol/L)	1.79 (0.98-0.91)	1.69 (1.11-2.38)	0.298	1.62 (1.03-1.93)	1.43 (0.82-1.81)	0.089	1.41 (0.86-1.71)	1.36 (0.75-1.87)	0.58
Log HOMA-β	5.60 ± 77	5.57 ± 0.91	0.864	5.41 ± 0.86	5.43 ± 0.84	0.991	5.31 ± 0.72	5.17 ± 0.91	0.277
Log HOMA-IR	2.63 ± 0.79	2.60 ± 0.91	0.866	2.69 ± 0.91	2.67 ± 0.78	0.906	2.65 ± 0.82	2.71 ± 0.75	0.511
Diabetic nephrology, n (%)	20 (20.8)	21 (21.8)	0.887	63 (0.33)	56 (0.29)	0.575	15 (17.1)	27 (30.6)	0.095
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)	14 (14.6)	11 (11.4)	0.572	34 (0.18)	46 (0.24)	0.223	13 (14.7)	21 (23.8)	0.201
Diabetic neuropathy, n (%)	23 (23.9)	20 (20.8)	0.679	42 (0.22)	50 (0.26)	0.455	23 (26.1)	24(27.3)	0.896
Any diabetic vascular disease, n (%)	35 (36.4)	40 (41.6)	0.624	95 (0.50)	94 (0.49)	0.956	30 (34.1)	38 (43.1)	0.409

Data were presented as percent, mean ± SD or median with interquartile range. P value was derived from the χ² test, One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Waillis test. OAD: Oral anti-diabetes drugs; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β: Homeostasis Model for β-cell function; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model for Insulin Resistance.