Islet β-cell function preservation by different anti-diabetic treatments in Chinese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of included participants before propensity score matching

	Insulin	OAD	Insulin + OAD	P value
Patients (n)	105	321	319	-
Men, n (%)	47 (44.8)	164 (51.1)	142 (44.5)	0.365
Age (year)	67.2 ± 5.8	69.3 ± 5.8	68.1 ± 5.8	0.269
BMI (kg/m2)	24.4 ± 3.3	24.4 ± 3.3	25.6 ± 3.8	0.289
Weight	65.9 ± 6.6	65.1 ± 7.5	68.3 ± 6.7	0.189
Waist (cm)	85.8 ± 9.7	85.7 ± 10.4	89.6 ± 10.6	0.176
SBP (mmHg)	150.1 ± 21.8	141 ± 23.3	143.2 ± 21.8	0.021
DBP (mmHg)	81.2 ± 12.5	75.6 ± 12.1	75.9 ± 12.3	0.012
Hypertension (%)	70.1	49.1	68.1	0.027
HbA1c (%)	8.6 ± 2.8	7.8 ± 2.3	9.6 ± 2.6	0.018
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.27 ± 0.4	1.24 ± 0.35	1.23 ± 0.33	0.738
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.72 ± 1.19	3.57 ± 0.97	3.42 ± 0.9	0.515
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.7 ± 1.38	5.59 ± 1.17	5.4 ± 1.1	0.525
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.64 ± 1.01	1.83 ± 1.48	1.67 ± 1.01	0.018
Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)	178.43 ± 114.27	142.24 ± 88.74	265.87 ± 167.94	< 0.001
Plasma urea (mmol/L)	6.0 ± 3.8	5.7 ± 3.2	6.4 ± 3.9	0.013
eGFR [mL/(min·1.73m2)]	84.4 ± 15.2	99.5 ± 16.3	77.1 ± 17.5	0.011
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	8.34 ± 2.69	6.91 ± 2.9	9.1 ± 4.3	0.023
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)	51.2 (30.3-91.9)	55.6 (30.5-92.7)	53.3 (23.1-93.0)	0.712
Fasting c peptide (nmol/L)	0.64 (0.46-1.0)	0.8 (0.5-1.12)	0.58 (0.4-0.88)	0.002
Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	11.8 ± 4.9	12.2 ± 4.5	13.6 ± 5.3	0.019
Postprandial insulin (pmol/L)	152.6 (70.2-305)	184.5 (90.2-351.9)	128.3 (68.4-318.9)	0.036
Postprandial c peptide (nmol/L)	1.48 (0.78-1.89)	1.79 (1.18-2.59)	1.2 (0.68-1.78)	< 0.001
Log HOMA-β	5.48 ± 0.17	5.98 ± 0.08	5.49 ± 0.08	0.019
Log HOMA-IR	2.66 ± 0.13	2.78 ± 0.08	2.76 ± 0.07	0.625
Diabetic nephrology, n (%)	20 (19.0)	99 (30.8)	102 (31.9)
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)	15 (14.2)	45 (14.0)	77 (24.1)
Diabetic neuropathy, n (%)	25 (23.8)	71 (22.1)	82 (25.7)
Any diabetic vascular disease, n (%)	35 (33.3)	156 (48.6)	150 (47.0)

Data were presented as percent, mean ± SD or median with interquartile range. P value was derived from the χ² test, One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Waillis test. OAD: Oral anti-diabetes drugs; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β: Homeostasis Model for β-cell function; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model for Insulin Resistance.