Association of the glycemic background patterns and the diabetes management efficacy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

Table 7 Demographic and clinical characteristics by glycated hemoglobin levels (< 7% vs ≥ 7%) at 12 months, mean ± SD, n (%)

	HbA1c ≤ 7% (n = 38)	HbA1c > 7% (n = 94)	P value
Age (years)	54.2 ± 10.2	55.8 ± 10.5	0.326
Gender			0.135
Female	12 (32)	43 (46)
Male	26 (68)	51 (54)
Education
No literacy	3 (7.9)	11 (12)	0.709
Primary school	18 (47)	52 (55)
Middle school	6 (16)	9 (9.6)
High school	8 (21)	17 (18)
Higher education	3 (7.9)	5 (5.3)
Physical activity
Inactive	20 (56)	43 (49)	0.554
Moderately inactive	8 (22)	29 (33)
Moderately active	7 (19)	11 (13)
Active	1 (2.8)	4 (4.6)
Diabetes course
Newly diagnosed T2DM	15 (39)	8 (8.5)	0.000a
Patients with previously controlled T2DM	11 (29)	17 (18)
T2DM patients whose HBA1c were previously not on target but now worsened	7 (18)	25 (27)
T2DM patients whose HbA1c were ≥ 10% for a long time	5 (13)	44 (47)
Weight (kg)	83.9 ± 12.8	80.7 ± 14.5	0.215
BMI (kg/m2)	29.7 ± 3.8	29.8 ± 5.1	0.848
Waist circumference (cm)	102.8 ± 12.6	102.3 ± 14.2	0.787
Duration of diabetes (year)	5.4 ± 5.9	10.7 ± 6.9	0.000a
Mindful eating	3.3 ± 0.6	3.4 ± 0.5	0.320
BDI	8.6 ± 5.5	12.6 ± 8.5	0.022a
Glucose (mg/dL)	116.9 ± 20.8	195.5 ± 85.7	0.000a
LDL-C (mg/dL)	82.1 ± 33.3	98.9 ± 38.6	0.074
HDL-C (mg/dL)	45.3 ± 22.0	46.8 ± 13.2	0.062
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	169.5 ± 92.9	198.0 ± 144.2	0.470
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	159.4 ± 33.7	184.6 ± 50.6	0.029a
C-peptide (ng/mL)	3.3 ± 1.6	2.5 ± 1.2	0.006a
HbA1c (%)	6.4 ± 0.5	9.1 ± 1.7	0.000a

^aP < 0.05.

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; BDI: Beck depression inventory; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.