Association of the glycemic background patterns and the diabetes management efficacy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

Table 5 Comparison of clinical outcomes at baseline and 12 months for group A and group B

	Group A differences (n = 51)	P value	Cohen’s d effect size	Group B difference (n = 81)	P value	Cohen’s d effect size	All patients difference (n = 132)	P value	Cohen’s d effect size
Weight (kg)	-1.5	0.2822	0.1	-0.9	0.3571	0.1	-1.0	0.0642	0.1
BMI (kg/m2)	-0.7	0.3292	0.1	0.0	0.9851	0.0	-0.1	0.8281	0.0
Waist circumference (cm)	2.5	0.8372	0.1	0.5	0.5072	0.0	1.5	0.5272	0.0
Glucose (mg/dL)	-144.0	0.000a,2	2.2	-72.5	0.000a,2	0.6	-113.0	0.000a,2	1.1
LDL-C (mg/dL)	-26.0	0.015a,2	0.6	-15.8	0.040a,1	0.4	-16.0	0.001a,2	0.5
HDL-C (mg/dL)	6.0	0.000a,2	0.4	1.0	0.7332	0.1	2.0	0.002a,2	0.2
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	-38.0	0.003a,2	0.4	-26.0	0.000a,2	0.3	-33.0	0.000a,2	0.3
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	-25.0	0.001a,2	0.6	-20.0	0.000a,2	0.5	-22.5	0.000a,2	0.5
C-peptide (ng/mL)	0.2	0.9502	0.1	-0.1	0.2992	0.1	-0.1	0.417	0.0
HbA1c (%)	-5.1	0.000a,2	3.2	-2.5	0.000a,2	1.6	-3.9	0.000a,2	2.1

^aP < 0.05.

Differences denote values obtained after 12 months subtracted from baseline measurements.

¹P for normally distributed data, mean differences are presented.

²P in cases of non-normal distribution, median differences are utilized.

BMI: Body mass index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.