Association of the glycemic background patterns and the diabetes management efficacy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

Table 4 Clinical outcomes after 12 months for each group, mean ± SD, n (%)

	Group 1 (n = 23)	Group 2 (n = 28)	Group 3 (n = 32)	Group 4 (n = 49)	P value
Weight (kg)	80.8 ± 14.3	86.5 ± 13.8	80.9 ± 13.5	79.8 ± 14.3	0.2531
BMI (kg/m2)	28.3 ± 3.4	31 ± 4.9	29.3 ± 5.3	30.1 ± 4.7	0.2201
Waist circumference (cm)	101.9 ± 14.4	103.8 ± 10.9	100.7 ± 15	103 ± 14.2	0.8441
Glucose (mg/dL)	125 ± 32.2	154.7 ± 45.6	137.5 (59)	199 (113)	0.000a,2
LDL-C (mg/dL)	86.3 ± 31.2	93.1 ± 39.1	97.6 ± 36.7	95.8 ± 41.2	0.7241
HDL-C (mg/dL)	51 ± 26	45.6 ± 13.4	44.7 ± 11	45.7 ± 14.6	0.5091
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	158 ± 89.8	186.5 (108.5)	149 (97)	165 (105)	0.1202
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	164 ± 30.7	180 ± 51.7	178.1 ± 44.5	170 (63)	0.5282
C-peptide (ng/mL)	2.4 (2.1)	3.3 ± 1.4	2.5 ± 1.4	2.1 (1.1)	0.0812
HbA1c (%)	6.6 ± 0.9	7.7 ± 1.3	8.4 ± 1.7	9.4 ± 2	0.000a,1

^aP < 0.05.

¹P calculated by one-way analysis of variance test.

²P calculated by the Kruskal-Wallis test.

BMI: Body mass index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.