Association of the glycemic background patterns and the diabetes management efficacy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Baseline clinical outcomes for each group, mean ± SD, n (%)

	Group 1 (n = 23)	Group 2 (n = 28)	Group 3 (n = 32)	Group 4 (n = 49)	P value
Weight (kg)	84.5 ± 20.1	86 ± 16.8	80.4 ± 13.7	81.6 ± 14.9	0.4471
BMI (kg/m2)	28.8 ± 4.3	31.1 ± 4.8	29.1 ± 5.1	30.3 ± 4.9	0.2741
Waist circumference (cm)	98 (16)	102.1 ± 10.4	100 (11)	104.3 ± 12.3	0.5402
Glucose (mg/dL)	294.1 ± 87.8	276.1 ± 76.3	229.1 ± 72.8	257.2 ± 76.7	0.016a,1
LDL-C (mg/dL)	110 ± 38.3	114.5 (77)	106.7 ± 33.3	115.9 ± 38.3	0.8242
HDL-C (mg/dL)	42.6 (13.4)	39.2 ± 12.8	43.2 ± 10.9	45.3 (12.5)	0.1942
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	237 ± 122.2	244.5 (166.3)	173 ± 126	268.8 ± 259.2	0.7222
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	200.1 (43.2)	208.2 ± 72.8	195.4 ± 46.6	208.7 ± 43	0.5932
C-peptide (ng/mL)	2.8 ± 1.1	3.2 ± 1.6	2.8 ± 1.4	2.4 ± 1	0.0681
HbA1c (%)	13.4 ± 1.9	11.3 (2.4)	11.5 (2.9)	11.1 (2.3)	0.007a,2

^aP < 0.05.

¹P calculated by one-way analysis of variance test.

²P calculated by the Kruskal-Wallis test.

BMI: Body mass index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.