Association of the glycemic background patterns and the diabetes management efficacy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, n (%)

	Group A (1 + 2) (n = 51)	Group B (2 + 3) (n = 81)	All patients (n = 132)	P value
Age (years)	54.4 ± 10.3	56.7 ± 9.6	55.8 ± 9.8	0.068
Gender
Female	14 (27.5)	41 (50.6)	55 (41.7)	0.009a
Male	37 (72.5)	40 (49.4)	77 (58.3)
Education				0.141
No literacy	2 (3.9)	12 (14.8)	14 (10.6)
Primary school	27 (52.9)	43 (53.1)	70 (53.0)
Middle school	9 (17.6)	6 (7.4)	15 (11.4)
High school	9 (17.6)	16 (19.8)	25 (18.9)
Higher education	4 (7.8)	4 (4.9)	8 (6.1)
Physical activity				0.088
Inactive	24 (47.1)	48 (59.3)	72 (54.5)
Moderately inactive	18 (35.3)	19 (23.5)	37 (28)
Moderately active	9 (17.6)	9 (11.1)	18 (13.6)
Active	0 (0)	5 (6.2)	5 (3.8)
Diabetes course
Newly diagnosed T2DM	23 (45.1)	0 (0)	23 (17.4)
Patients with previously controlled T2DM	28 (54.9)	0 (0)	28 (21.2)
T2DM patients whose HBA1c were previously not on target but now worsened	0 (0)	32 (39.5)	32 (24.2)
T2DM patients whose HbA1c were ≥ 10% for a long time	0 (0)	49 (60.5)	49 (37.2)
Weight (kg)	83 (21)	81 ± 14	81 (19)	0.350
BMI (kg/m2)	29.4 ± 3.5	29.5 ± 4.8	29.5 ± 4.3	0.821
Waist circumference (cm)	102.1 ± 12.8	101.8 ± 14.3	101.9 ± 13.7	0.917
Duration of diabetes (year)	4 (12)	10 (8)	10 (10)	0.000a
CKD	4 (8)	4 (5)	8 (6)	0.710
Mindful eating	3.3 ± 0.6	3.4 ± 0.6	3.4 ± 0.6	0.324
BDI	7.9 ± 5.9	12 (12)	10 (9)	0.000a
Glucose (mg/dL)	283.9 ± 75.9	238.7 ± 77.4	254.3 ± 79.4	0.007a
LDL-C (mg/dL)	101 ± 41.9	106 (53)	100 (53)	0.989
HDL-C (mg/dL)	36 (22)	43.6 ± 11.3	42 (18)	0.048a
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	203.7 ± 136.7	189.1 ± 27.12	195.3 ± 96.7	0.692
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	177 (67)	188 (49)	184 (54)	0.905
C-peptide (ng/mL)	3.1 ± 1.6	2.6 ± 1.2	2.5 (1.7)	0.060
Urea (mg/dL)	27 (10)	31.6 ± 7.9	31.2 ± 9.7	0.137
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.2)	0.7 ± 0.2	0.8 (0.3)	0.323
HbA1c (%)	12.9 ± 2.5	11 (2.9)	11.2 (3.2)	0.054

^aP < 0.05.

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD for normally distributed or median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed. Categorical variables were presented as numbers (percentages). Chronic kidney disease is defined as epidermal growth factor receptor < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m².

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; BDI: Beck depression inventory; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.