Gut microbiome: A revolution in type II diabetes mellitus

Table 3 Impact of diet and exercise on the gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Factor	Description	Beneficial effects
Diet	High fiber plant-based foods[4,52]	Decrease in insulin resistance, stabilization of blood glucose levels, reduction in serum cholesterol
	High-fat and protein diets[53]	Increase in pro-inflammatory markers; variable effects based on protein source (plant vs animal)
	Mediterranean diet[54]	Improvement in SCFA production, enhanced insulin sensitivity, increased beneficial genera like Roseburia
Exercise	Low-intensity physical activity[55-57]	Favorable shifts in microbiota composition, improvement in metabolic health markers

SCFA: Short-chain fatty acid.