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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Sep 15, 2024; 15(9): 1847-1852
Published online Sep 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i9.1847
Published online Sep 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i9.1847
Table 2 Effects of antidiabetic drugs on macrophage function in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Drug class | Drug examples | Effects on macrophages | Related mechanisms | Ref. |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | Teneligliptin, linagliptin, sitagliptin | Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6), promote M2 polarization, and inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation | Increased glucagon-like peptide-1 levels, reduced oxidative stress, and modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway | [3,14,24] |
Metformin | Metformin | Reduces M1 polarization, increases M2 polarization, suppresses nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, and inhibits mitochondrial dysfunction | AMPK activation, reduced reactive oxygen species generation, and modulation of metabolic pathways | [13,17] |
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors | Dapagliflozin, empagliflozin | May indirectly affect macrophage function through improved cardiac function and reduced inflammation | Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition leads to diuresis and natriuresis, and may improve cardiac remodeling | [18,25] |
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists | Liraglutide, dulaglutide | Promote M2 polarization, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and may improve cardiac contractility | Reduce oxidative stress, and enhance insulin sensitivity | [26-28] |
Thiazolidinediones | Pioglitazone | Have anti-inflammatory properties, and improve insulin sensitivity | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation, and reduced nuclear factor-kappaB signaling | [29,30] |
- Citation: Mohammadi S, Al-Harrasi A. Macrophage modulation with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A new frontier for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy? World J Diabetes 2024; 15(9): 1847-1852
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i9/1847.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i9.1847