Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1: A new player associated with impaired counterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic mice

Figure 2 Elevated levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in the intestines in response to hypoglycaemia. A: Immunofluorescence staining showing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) expression in the ileum and colon, with GLP-1 in green and cell nuclei in blue. Scale bars = 50 μm; B: Western blot analysis of GLP-1 and its receptor (GLP-1R) protein expression in the ileum; C: Western blot analysis of GLP-1 and GLP-1R protein expression in the colon; D: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showing changes in plasma adrenaline levels after terminal ileal infusions in diabetic mice with a single hypoglycemic episode (DH1) and diabetic mice with five hypoglycaemic episodes (DH5); E: ELISA results showing changes in pancreatic noradrenaline levels after terminal ileal infusions in the DH1 and DH5 groups. The data are presented as the mean ± SE. ^aP < 0.01 vs diabetic mice (DM); ^bP < 0.01 vs DH1 group; ^cP < 0.05 vs DM group; DM: Diabetic mice; DH1: Diabetic mice with a single hypoglycemic episode; DH5: Diabetic mice with five hypoglycaemic episodes; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor; IOD: Integrated optical density.