Autoantibodies against beta cells to predict early insulin requirements in pediatric patients with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Table 4 Metabolic characteristics of the groups by autoimmunity

Variable	At the time of diagnosis	NID		P value	At the time of diagnosis	ID		P value
	NID (n = 64)	Ab+) (n = 16)	(Ab-) (n = 48)		ID (n = 68)	(Ab+) (n = 27)	(A-) (n = 41)
TC (mg/dL)	164.8 ± 39	170 ± 32.9	162.1 ± 38.8	0.44	170 ± 37.5	189.2 ± 60.7	185.3 ± 51.3	0.77
HDL-C (mg/dL)	41.9 ± 11.4	45.8 ± 6.9	44.1 ± 7.7	0.42	43.6 ± 8.0	42.2 ± 8.0	44.5 ± 12.4	0.39
LDL-C (mg/dL)	97.9 ± 30	96.8 ± 23.2	94.8 ± 30.6	0.82	96.2 ± 29.3	124.8 ± 51.6	114.0 ± 44.8	0.38
TG (mg/dL)	136.4 ± 28	162.5 ± 21.1	143.8 ± 11.0	0.65	153.3 ± 22	172.6 ± 9.8	164.8 ± 10.9	0.75
Glucose (mmol/L)	14.77 ± 2.16	7.58 ± 2.93	7.64 ± 3.97	0.96	13.27 ± 2.55	13.66 ± 0.54	14.68 ± 0.25	0.43
HbA1c (%)	9.7 ± 2.7	6.8 ± 1.8	6.3 ± 0.9	0.91	9.2 ± 2.2	11.4 ± 2.6	10.4 ± 2.1	0.09
Insulin (mUI/mL)	16.7 ± 1.6	9.3 ± 4.8	13.8 ± 9.5	0.02	21.1 ± 2.8	9.5 ± 3.7	10.7 ± 5.7	0.04
C-peptide (ng/mL)	0.3 ± 0.09	2.3 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 1.2	0.42	1.1 ± 0.26	0.30 ± 0.25	0.40 ± 0.04	0.19
HOMA-β	72.3 ± 33.9	64.8 ± 45.3	125.7 ± 15.8	0.02	91.5 ± 30.6	25.8 ± 34.6	61.3 ± 20.2	0.02

NID: No insulin dependence; ID: Insulin dependent; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-β: Homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function.