Global trends in publications regarding macrophages-related diabetic foot ulcers in the last two decades

Table 7 17 keyword clusters of research involving macrophage-related diabetic foot ulcers

Cluster ID	Size	Silhouette	Mean (year)	Label (LSI)	Label (LLR)	Label (MI)
0	64	0.63	2014	Wound healing; diabetes mellitus; diabetic foot ulcer; low level laser therapy; tensiometerical properties | chronic wounds; local treatment; immunohistochemical markers; diabetic foot ulcers; venous leg ulcers	Diabetes mellitus (22.75, 1.0E-4); chronic wounds (13.74, 0.001); wound healing (12.48, 0.001); histology (11.05, 0.001); wound closure (7.36, 0.01)	Skin and wound care (0.76); tgf-beta (0.76); metfo
1	49	0.673	2014	Wound healing; adipose tissue; extracellular vesicles; diabetic foot ulcer; small extracellular vesicles | endothelial progenitor; coronary artery; griffonia simplicifolia; biomimetic hydrogels; tissue engineering	Obesity (9.64, 0.005); expression (9.59, 0.005); coronary artery disease (9.28, 0.005); adipose tissue (9.28, 0.005); endothelial progenitor cells (9.28, 0.005)	Type 2 (0.42); griffonia simplicifolia i b4 (0.42)
2	48	0.682	2015	Wound healing; diabetic foot ulcer; stromal cells; astragali radix; diabetic wound healing | foot ulcer; mouse model; growth factor; mice; dysfunction	Mesenchymal stem (10.73, 0.005); growth factor (8.23, 0.005); neuropeptides (7.06, 0.01); Chinese medicine (7.06, 0.01); neurotensin (7.06, 0.01)	Animal models (0.27); biologics (0.27); acellular
3	39	0.738	2018	Wound healing; tensiometric properties; microbial flora; curcumin-loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; pseudomonas aeruginosa | diabetic foot ulcer; chronic wound; siRNA delivery; lipid nanoparticle; lipidoid nanoparticle	Diabetic wounds (12.93, 0.001); tlr4 (9.12, 0.005); adaptive immunity (5.52, 0.05); siRNA delivery (5.52, 0.05); antibacterial (5.52, 0.05)	Macrophage polarisation (0.44); cell penetrating p
4	37	0.751	2012	Diabetic foot; wound healing; tumour necrosis factor alpha; foot ulcer; endothelial progenitor | diabetic foot ulcer; foot ulcer; endothelial progenitor; human fibroblasts; tumor necrosis factor-alpha	Diabetic foot (12.14, 0.001); foot (8, 0.005); in vivo (7.47, 0.01); endothelial growth factor (7.05, 0.01); chronic wounds (5.35, 0.05)	Inflammatory arthritis (0.73); surgery (0.73); neu
5	37	0.871	2010	Extracellular matrix; metal-polyphenol capsule; diabetic wound healing; situ tissue regeneration; split-thickness skin graft | foot ulcers; skin; matrix metalloproteinases; mechanisms; angiogenesis	Double blind (15.79, 1.0e-4); colony stimulating factor (15.79, 1.0e-4); wound healing (11.55, 0.001); in situ tissue regeneration (10.51, 0.005); diabetic neuropathy (10.51, 0.005)	Intraepidermal nerve fibers (0.29); growth factor
6	35	0.921	2006	Controlled trials; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; intensive care; acute respiratory distress syndrome; two-hit model | granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; diabetic foot infection; colony-stimulating factor; intensive care; two-hit model	Sepsis (17.44, 1.0e-4); acute respiratory distress syndrome (8.68, 0.005); controlled trials (8.68, 0.005); granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) (8.68, 0.005); cancer (8.68, 0.005)	Acute respiratory distress syndrome (0.03); control
7	30	0.732	2014	Wound healing; innate immunity; gene expression; diabetic foot ulcer; diabetic wound | activation; inflammation; diabetic foot disease; neuropeptide substance; skin substitutes	Activation (11.88, 0.001); angiogenesis (5.61, 0.05); nlrp3 inflammasome (5.1, 0.05); inflammation (4.55, 0.05); notch (4.33, 0.05)	Notch (0.51); alveolar macrophages (0.51); behavior
8	30	0.804	2017	Differentiation; senescence; growth arrest; miR 145; miR expression | presenting cells; intracellular bacteria; staphylococcus aureus; diabetic ulcers; biomimetic hydrogels	Antigen (11.18, 0.001); intracellular bacteria (11.18, 0.001); presenting cells (11.18, 0.001); mesenchymal stem cells (6.83, 0.01); differentiation (6.09, 0.05)	Bm-mscs (0.23); collagen i (0.23); diabetic ulcer
9	29	0.816	2009	Angiogenesis; skin; tissue; hyperbaric oxygen; osteoradionecrosis | amputation; matrix metalloproteinases; risk factors; binding; potent gelatinase	Amputation (17.25, 1.0e-4); management (11.48, 0.001); angiogenesis (10.17, 0.005); randomized controlled trial (7.78, 0.01); amputations (7.78, 0.01)	Utility (0.21); nanomedicine (0.21); white matter
10	27	0.676	2016	Wound healing; diabetic foot; no-option critical limb ischemia; cell therapy; peripheral blood mononuclear cells | diabetic foot ulcer; epidermal growth factor; oxidative stress; single cell sequence; angiogenic properties	Migration inhibitory factor (11.07, 0.001); signaling pathway (7.38, 0.01); association (7.38, 0.01); miRNAs-mRNA (5.53, 0.05); synergistic effect (5.53, 0.05)	MiRNAs-mRNA (0.24); synergistic effect (0.24); pat
11	23	0.865	2016	Chronic wound; nanocomposite hydrogels; rnos eradication; peripheral blood mononuclear cells; wound healing | macrophage polarization; tissue regeneration; diabetic foot; immune system; wound healing	Rnos eradication (12.46, 0.001); immunoregulation (12.46, 0.001); nanocomposite hydrogels (12.46, 0.001); herb-derived (12.46, 0.001); chronic wound repairing (12.46, 0.001)	Immune centric revolution (0.05); revascularization
12	11	1	2004	Antimicrobial peptides; microbicides; sexually transmitted infections	Microbicides (13.17, 0.001); sexually transmitted infections (13.17, 0.001); antimicrobial peptides (13.17, 0.001); wound healing (0.25, 1.0); inflammation (0.15, 1.0)	Wound healing (0.04); inflammation (0.02); macroph
13	6	1	2008	Positron emission tomography; fluorodeoxyglucose; infection; inflammation	Fluorodeoxyglucose (12.49, 0.001); positron emission tomography (9.72, 0.005); infection (6.49, 0.05); inflammation (3.09, 0.1); wound healing (0.34, 1.0)	Wound healing (0.03); inflammation (0.02); macroph
14	2	1	2013	Positron emission tomography; diabetic foot infections; chronic osteomyelitis; 18F-FDG PET/CT; leukocyte scintigraphy; rheumatoid arthritis; joint replacement; bone scintigraphy; nuclear medicine; hybrid pet	Leukocyte scintigraphy (10.49, 0.005); nuclear medicine (10.49, 0.005); bone scintigraphy (10.49, 0.005); chronic osteomyelitis (10.49, 0.005); joint replacement (10.49, 0.005)	Wound healing (0.03); inflammation (0.01); leukocyte
15	1	0	2020	Diabetic kidney disease; kk-a(y)mouse; sglt2 inhibitor; tofogliflozin	Kk (11.99, 0.001); a (y) mouse (11.99, 0.001); sglt2 inhibitor (11.99, 0.001); tofogliflozin (11.99, 0.001); diabetic kidney disease (9.22, 0.005)	Wound healing (0.03); inflammation (0.02); macroph
16	1	0	2022	Glomerulonephropathy; laminin alpha 2; mechanosensitive protein; mechanotransduction; podocyte mechanics	Mechan transduction (11.99, 0.001); laminin alpha 2 (11.99, 0.001); mechanosensitive protein (11.99, 0.001); podocyte mechanics (11.99, 0.001); glomerulonephropathy (11.99, 0.001)	Wound healing (0.03); inflammation (0.02); macroph

LSI: Latent semantic indexing; LLR: Log likelihood ratio; MI: Mutual information; 18F-FDG: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; PET/CT: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography; miR: MicroRNA.