Natural product-based treatment potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease

Table 2 Antiglycation activity of natural compounds isolated from plant extract

No.	Plant species	Natural products	Role/mechanism	Ref.
1	Chrysanthemum morifolium	Chlorogenic acid, flavonoid glucoside, and aglycone	Antihyperglycemic, scavenges free radicals and metals, traps reactive carbonyl species	[69,70]
2	Chrysanthemum indicum	Caffeic acid, luteolin, and kaempferol	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, protects protein structure	[69,70]
3	Erigeron annuus	Quinic acid derivatives, such as 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid	Inhibition of RLAR (rat lens aldose reductase), AGEs formation, AGEs/BSA cross-linking, and cataract genesis	[69]
4	Cinnamomum verum	Catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2	Antioxidant, DPPH scavenger; traps methylglyoxal, protects protein structure	[69,70]
5	Allium sativum		Strong antioxidants and free radical scavengers, inhibiting CML formation	[69]
6	Ilex paraguariensis	Chlorogenic acid	Antihyperglycemic, scavenges free radicals and metals, traps reactive carbonyl species	[69]
7	Rosmarinus officinalis	Rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol	Antioxidant activity and antiglycation properties	[69]
8	Camellia sinensis	Epigallocatechin, 3-O-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate (ECG)	Strong antioxidant properties and inhibits the accumulation of CML and CEL and the activation of RAGE	[69]
9	Ginkgo biloba	24% flavonoids and 6% terpenoids	Inhibit the RAGE activation in microvascular endothelial cells induced by hypoxic and hypoglycemic conditions	[69]
10	Garcinia mangostana	Catechins, procyanidins, anthocyanin, and xanthones, such as α-mangostin	Antioxidant, DPPH scavenger; traps methylglyoxal, protects protein structure	[69,70]
11	Thymus vulgaris	Flavonoids quercetin, eriodictyol, 5,6,4′-trihydroxy-7,8,3′-trimethoxyflavone, and cirsilineol	Suppressed the levels of AGEs formation	[69,70]
12	Aralia taibaiensis	Triterpenoid saponin	Potent inhibition of the late glycation and the formation of AGEs	[69]
13	Cuminum cyminum	Sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, and chalcone derivatives	Antiglycation properties	[69]

EGCG: Epigallocatechin gallate; AGFs: Advanced glycated end products; ECG: Epicatechin 3-O-gallate; RLAR: Rat lens aldose reductase; BSA: Bovine serum albumin; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy; CML: Carboxy methyl lysine; CEL: Carboxy ethyl lysine; RAGE: Receptor of advanced glycation end products; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy.