Glymphatic function and its influencing factors in different glucose metabolism states

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	NGM (n = 22)	Prediabetes (n = 20)	T2DM (n = 22)	P value	Bonferroni-adjusted P value
Age (years)	51.27 ± 6.80	49.70 ± 7.62	49.36 ± 7.42	0.653	1
Female, n (%)	11 (50)	9 (45)	10 (45)	0.942	1
Education (years)	14.50 ± 3.21	15.25 ± 3.00	14.41 ± 2.54	0.443	1
BMI (kg/m2)	23.38 ± 2.11	25.33 ± 3.35	25.75 ± 3.83	0.041	1
Weight (kg)	62.39 ± 8.05	68.43 ± 13.59	69.30 ± 12.66	0.111	1
Height (cm)	163.11 ± 5.29	163.78 ± 10.88	163.73 ± 7.14	0.961	1
Waist (cm)	82.91 ± 5.13	87.88 ± 10.21	92.07 ± 10.09	0.0041	0.166
Hip (cm)	95.42 ± 3.90	96.43 ± 7.16	96.38 ± 7.19	0.841	1
Waist-to-hip ration	0.87 ± 0.07	0.91 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.09	0.0043	0.151
Systolic BP (mmHg)	119.86 ± 15.63	124.10 ± 10.75	135.14 ± 23.94	0.0263	1
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	71.77 ± 13.80	76.25 ± 10.37	87.32 ± 21.32	0.0093	0.3792
TC (mmol/L)	5.27 ± 1.03	5.37 ± 0.93	5.73 ± 1.53	0.553	1
TG (mmol/L)	1.82 ± 1.11	2.00 ± 1.60	3.15 ± 2.98	0.033	1
HDL (mmol/L)	1.48 ± 0.40	1.34 ± 0.37	1.30 ± 0.32	0.323	1
LDL (mmol/L)	2.88 ± 0.94	3.10 ± 0.89	3.18 ± 0.82	0.543	1
FPG (mmol/L)	4.88 ± 0.28	5.54 ± 0.84	9.43 ± 7.39	< 0.0013	< 0.001
2hPG (mmol/L)	6.05 ± 1.21	9.20 ± 0.94	16.28 ± 6.72	< 0.0013	< 0.001
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)	56.09 ± 22.19	89.27 ± 59.74	101.32 ± 1.31	0.043	1
HbA1c [mmol/mol (%)]	5.64 ± 0.42	6.01 ± 0.51	8.51 ± 3.42	< 0.0013	< 0.001
HOMA-IR	2.04 ± 0.87	3.87 ± 3.42	6.16 ± 5.29	0.0023	0.002
MMSE	29.77 ± 0.53	29.80 ± 0.41	29.00 ± 1.38	0.023	0.79

¹ANOVA test.

²Pearson’s χ² test.

³Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD and categorical variables are expressed as frequencies. NGM: Normal glucose metabolism; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2-hour postprandial glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic insulin resistance model; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination.