Association between glucose levels of children with type 1 diabetes and parental economic status in mobile health application

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with type 1 diabetes

Characteristics	All, n = 1406	Low-income, n = 320	Middle-income, n = 724	High-income, n = 362	P value
Age (yr)	8.11 (4.64, 11.61)	10.06 (5.23, 13.18)	7.84 (4.61, 11.29)	7.15 (3.83, 10.76)	< 0.001
Duration of T1D (yr)	0.06 (0.02, 0.44)	0.12 (0.03, 0.92)	0.06 (0.02, 0.40)	0.04 (0.01, 0.22)	< 0.001
HbA1c at onset (%)	12.10 (10.50, 14.00)	12.80 (10.80, 14.40)	12.00 (10.00, 14.00)	12.30 (11.00, 13.70)	0.072
Sex					0.004
Male	627 (44.59)	123 (38.44)	319 (44.06)	185 (51.10)
Female	779 (55.41)	197 (61.56)	405 (55.94)	177 (48.90)
Parents' education level (n = 1383)1					< 0.001
Low level	493 (35.65)	211 (67.63)	244 (34.32)	38 (10.56)
High level	890 (64.35)	101 (32.37)	467 (65.68)	322 (89.44)
Insulin treatment					< 0.001
CSII	631 (44.88)	129 (40.31)	300 (41.44)	202 (55.80)
MDI	719 (51.14)	180 (56.25)	391 (54.01)	148 (40.88)
Others	56 (3.98)	11 (3.44)	33 (4.56)	12 (3.31)
Typical symptoms at onset2 (n = 1292)					0.552
No	69 (5.34)	14 (4.91)	40 (5.98)	15 (4.44)
Yes	1223 (94.66)	271 (95.09)	629 (94.02)	323 (95.56)
DKA at onset (n = 1288)					0.002
No	373 (28.96)	70 (24.56)	180 (27.15)	123 (36.18)
Yes	915 (71.04)	215 (75.44)	483 (72.85)	217 (63.82)
Diabetes family history (n = 1366)					0.138
No	1053 (77.09)	240 (76.92)	552 (78.97)	261 (73.52)
Yes	313 (22.91)	72 (23.08)	147 (21.03)	94 (26.48)

¹Based on the education level of the parents, the study population was divided into a low education group (secondary school and below) and a high education group (college and above).

²Typical symptoms at onset including, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria and weight loss.

Data are presented as median (interquartile range), or number (%). T1D: Type 1 diabetes; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; CSII: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; MDI: Multiple daily insulin injections; DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis.