Update on evidence-based clinical application of sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors: Insight to uncommon cardiovascular disease scenarios in diabetes

Table 5 Summary of clinical studies on sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors in acute myocardial infarction patients

Ref.	Type of article	Journal and published time	Drugs	Aim of study	Inclusive population	Intervention cycle	Number of cases	Main conclusion
von Lewinski et al[44]	RCT	Eur Heart J, 2022	Empagliflozin (10 mg/d) or placebo	To investigate the effects of this drug class in patients with AMI	Patients with AMI accompanied by a large creatine kinase elevation (> 800 IU/L)	26 wk	476	Empagliflozin was associated with a significantly greater NT-proBNP reduction over 26 wk, accompanied by a significant improvement in echocardiographic functional and structural parameters
Hashikata et al[45]	RCT	Heart Vessels, 2020	Empagliflozin (10 mg/d)	To evaluate the effects of empagliflozin on neointimal response after drug-eluting stent implantation	T2D with coronary artery disease planned for drug-eluting stent placement	12 mo	28	Data possibly support a beneficial effect of empagliflozin in T2D required for coronary revascularization therapy
			or insulin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
Mozawa et al[46]	RCT	ESC Heart Fail, 2021	Empagliflozin (10 mg/d) or placebo	To evaluate the reno-protective effects of SGLT2i in patients with AMI	Patients with AMI and T2D	24 wk	96	Early administration of SGLT2i in these patients is considered desirable for renal protection
Adel et al[47]	RCT	Saudi Med J, 2022	Empagliflozin (10 mg/d) or placebo	To study the effects of low dose empagliflozin in improving outcomes in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention	Diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention	6 mo	93	Low dose empagliflozin to standard care of acute coronary syndrome diabetic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with no significant reduction in negative cardiovascular outcomes during 6 mo
Butler et al[48]	RCT	N Engl J Med, 2024	Empagliflozin (10 mg/d) or placebo	To evaluate the safety and efficacy of empagliflozin in patients with AMI	Patients with AMI and T2D	17.9 mo	6522	Empagliflozin did not lead to a significantly lower risk of a first hospitalization for HF or death from any cause than placebo
Hernandez et al[49]	RCT	Circulation, 2024	Empagliflozin (10 mg/d) or placebo	To evaluate the effects of empagliflozin on first and recurrent heart failure events in patients after myocardial infarction	Patients with AMI and T2D	17.9 mo	6522	Empagliflozin reduced the risk of heart failure in patients after acute myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction or congestion

AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; SGLT2i: Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors; T2D: Type 2 diabetes.