Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without peripheral vascular disease

Table 3 Layer-specific global longitudinal strain and peak strain dispersion among normal controls, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without peripheral vascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral vascular disease

	Normal controls (n = 63)	T2DM without PVD (n = 65)	T2DM with PVD (n = 57)	P value	P trend
GLSepi, %	-18.65 ± 1.55	-17.37 ± 1.85a	-16.92 ± 2.21a	< 0.001	< 0.001
GLSmid, %	-21.57 ± 1.81	-19.98 ± 2.08a	-19.47 ± 2.50a	< 0.001	< 0.001
GLSendo, %	-25.03 ± 2.21	-23.12 ± 2.43a	-22.72 ± 2.85a	< 0.001	< 0.001
PSD, msec	30.63 ± 7.29	35.03 ± 10.81a	39.37 ± 12.42a,b	< 0.001	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05, indicates significantly different when type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without peripheral vascular disease (PVD) or T2DM patients with PVD compared with the normal controls.

^bP < 0.05, indicates significantly different when T2DM patients with PVD compared with T2DM patients without PVD.

GLS: Global longitudinal strain; GLSEpi: Global longitudinal strain of the epimyocardial; GLSMid: Global longitudinal strain of the middle myocardial; GLSEndo: Global longitudinal strain of the endomyocardial; PSD: Peak strain dispersion; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; PVD: Peripheral vascular disease.