Subclinical impairment of left ventricular myocardium function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without hypertension

Table 2 Echocardiographic parameters among healthy subjects, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and type 2 diabetes mellitus + hypertension patients

Echocardiographic parameters	Healthy subjects (n = 101)	T2DM (n = 97)	T2DM + HP (n = 70)	P value
LAd, mm	34.00 ± 2.97	35.03 ± 3.041	36.69 ± 3.911,2	< 0.001
LAV index, mL/m2	29.17 ± 7.19	32.20 ± 6.801	30.92 ± 8.10	0.016
IVSd, mm	9.21 ± 0.79	9.01 ± 0.98	9.71 ± 0.951,2	< 0.001
LVPWd, mm	9.01 ± 0.80	8.81 ± 0.93	9.53 ± 1.001,2	< 0.001
LVDd, mm	46.39 ± 2.95	45.85 ± 3.49	46.89 ± 3.40	0.124
LVEDV, mL	76.61 ± 15.17	69.57 ± 20.541	76.77 ± 22.262	0.018
LVESV, mL	27.19 ± 6.65	25.01 ± 8.14	27.93 ± 8.762	0.037
LVEF, %	64.56 ± 3.74	64.35 ± 2.89	63.54 ± 2.71	0.080
MAPSE, mm	14.47 ± 1.44	14.23 ± 1.75	13.42 ± 2.071,2	0.002
E, m/s	0.83 ± 0.13	0.78 ± 0.141	0.78 ± 0.161	0.008
A, m/s	0.68 ± 0.16	0.69 ± 0.15	0.82 ± 0.181,2	< 0.001
E/A	1.27 ± 0.29	1.16 ± 0.291	1.00 ± 0.361,2	< 0.001
e’, m/s	0.11 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.11	0.117
E/e’	7.62 ± 1.54	8.30 ± 1.631	9.00 ± 2.471,2	< 0.001

¹Significantly different (P < 0.05) between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or T2DM + hypertension (HP) patients and healthy subjects.

²Significantly different (P < 0.05) between T2DM + HP patients and T2DM patients.

LAd: Left atrial diameter; LAV index: Left atrial volume index; IVSd: Interventricular septal wall thickness in the end-diastolic period; LVPWd: Left ventricular posterior wall thickness in the end-diastolic period; LVDd: Left ventricular diameter in the end-diastolic period; LVEDV: Left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: Left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; MAPSE: Mitral annular plane systolic excursion; E: Peak velocity during early diastole of anterior mitral leaflet; A: Peak velocity during late diastole of anterior mitral leaflet; e’: Peak early diastolic annular velocities using TDI by averaging the values at the septum and lateral positions.