Correlation between cerebral neurotransmitters levels by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participates by quartiles of hemoglobin A1c

Variables	HbA1c quartiles				P value
	Q1 (< 7.875), n = 32	Q2 (7.875-9.050), n = 33	Q3 (9.050-11.200), n = 32	Q4 (≥ 11.200), n = 33
Age (yr)	63.5 ± 13.3	60.9 ± 9.7	59.5 ± 16.1	60.2 ± 13.0	0.640
Sex (male/female)	18/14 (56.3/43.8)	16/17 (48.5/51.5)	20/12 (62.5/37.5)	21/12 (63.6/36.4)	0.582
Diabetes duration (yr)	6.5 (3.0, 17.5)	10 (6.5, 15.0)	8.0 (1.3, 19.8)	5.0 (1.0, 12.0)	0.173
Height (cm)	165.6 ± 8.1	164.2 ± 8.8	166.8 ± 9.0	167.4 ± 6.6	0.392
Weight (cm)	71.5 ± 11.5	70.9 ± 11.4	73.8 ± 18.3	71.4 ± 8.7	0.803
BMI (kg/m2)	26.1 ± 3.7	26.2 ± 3.3	26.2 ± 4.5	25.4 ± 2.5	0.772
Neck line (cm)	39.1 ± 3.5	38.2 ± 3.8	38.3 ± 4.0	38.4 ± 2.4	0.731
Waist line (cm)	97.3 ± 8.9	95.0 ± 10.2	94.5 ± 11.1	94.7 ± 8.5	0.646
Hip line (cm)	103.5 ± 8.3	102.1 ± 8.8	100.3 ± 9.7	100.9 ± 8.7	0.492
WHR	0.94 ± 0.05	0.93 ± 0.04	0.94 ± 0.05	0.94 ± 0.04	0.698
SBP (mmHg)	132.8 ± 21.2	139.1 ± 17.5	132.6 ± 20.3	134.3 ± 16.2	0.474
DBP (mmHg)	77.2 ± 9.0	80.0 ± 8.2	78.3 ± 9.0	80.3 ± 8.0	0.415
mALB (g/L)	11.0 (11.0, 41.5)	11.0 (10.5, 50.0)	32.5 (12.0, 123.5)	20.0 (12.5, 53.5)	0.031
TC (mmol/L)	4.46 ± 1.01	4.70 ± 1.11	4.81 ± 1.29	5.00 ± 1.35	0.321
TG (mmol/L)	1.54 (1.04, 2.32)	2.17 (1.10, 2.93)	1.81 (1.37, 3.83)	1.37 (0.84, 2.28)	0.044
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.25 ± 0.37	1.11 ± 0.32	1.10 ± 0.31	1.14 ± 0.31	0.274
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.83 ± 1.10	3.02 ± 1.02	2.89 ± 0.88	3.51 ± 1.15	0.037
HOMA-IR	3.09 (1.69, 4.48)	4.59 (3.07, 7.12)	6.05 (4.34, 10.41)	6.06 (3.62, 8.14)	< 0.001
HOMA-β	80.15 (35.79, 131.06)	38.55 (21.90, 73.18)	53.04 (22.48, 96.73)	21.70 (10.86, 45.92)	0.001
Complicated with hypertension (%)	17 (53.1)	21 (63.6)	17 (53.1)	18 (54.5)	0.796
Complicated with CHD (%)	20 (62.5)	18 (54.5)	23 (71.9)	18 (54.5)	0.429

HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; mALB: Microalbumin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; CHD: Coronary heart disease.