Developing and validating a predictive model of delivering large-for-gestational-age infants among women with gestational diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1242

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2024; 15(6): 1242-1253
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1242

Table 1 Comparison of clinical data between the large-for-gestational-age group and the normal-for-gestational-age group in the training cohort (n = 4905), n (%)

Variables	GDM-NGA group (n = 3906)	GDM-LGA group (n = 999)	P value
Mothers
Age (yr)	29.87 ± 3.53	30.13 ± 3.73^a	0.041
Prepregnancy height (m)	1.62 ± 0.05	1.63 ± 0.05^b	< 0.001
Prepregnancy weight (kg)	57.94 ± 8.68	62.52 ± 10.07^b	< 0.001
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	22.07 ± 3.03	23.41 ± 3.50^b	< 0.001
Number of pregnancies
1	2001 (51.23)	414 (41.44)^b	< 0.001
2	1158 (29.65)	306 (30.63)
≥ 3	747 (19.12)	279 (27.93)
Parity
1	2862 (73.21)	606 (60.66)^b	< 0.001
2	999 (25.58)	371 (37.14)
≥ 3	45 (1.15)	22 (2.20)
Clinical data at 24 gestational weeks
Weight (kg)	63.86 ± 8.80	69.53 ± 10.03^b	< 0.001
WGW (kg)	5.92 ± 3.17	7.02 ± 3.65^b	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.32 ± 3.04	26.04 ± 3.45^b	< 0.001
Waist-height ratio	0.55 ± 0.04	0.57 ± 0.04^b	< 0.001
SBP (mm/Hg)	112.11 ± 10.95	112.80 ± 11.34	0.080
DBP (mm/Hg)	69.75 ± 8.20	69.89 ± 8.34	0.632
AC (cm)	89.72 ± 5.93	93.02 ± 7.01^b	< 0.001
Laboratory indices
Urea (mmol/L)	3.10 ± 0.70	3.02 ± 0.67^a	0.001
Cr (μmol/L)	39.35 ± 6.63	38.36 ± 6.65^b	< 0.001
UA (μmol/L)	234.18 ± 49.49	235.78 ± 50.02	0.364
TP (g/L)	65.99 ± 3.43	65.67 ± 3.40^a	0.009
ALB (g/L)	39.36 ± 2.23	39.14 ± 2.25^a	0.005
TC (mmol/L)	5.96 ± 0.98	5.89 ± 1.05	0.051
TG (mmol/L)	2.26 ± 0.91	2.51 ± 1.03^b	< 0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	4.81 ± 0.47	4.97 ± 0.59^b	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	20.79 ± 17.60	17.62 ± 13.68^b	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	19.17 ± 9.06	17.73 ± 6.73^b	< 0.001
ALP (U/L)	56.82 ± 14.10	55.95 ± 13.20	0.079
LDH (U/L)	163.02 ± 25.84	164.92 ± 31.08^a	0.048
GGT (U/L)	16.05 ± 9.91	16.19 ± 9.90	0.691
HDL-C (mmol/L)	2.35 ± 0.40	2.28 ± 0.37^b	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.01 ± 0.65	3.00 ± 0.65	0.758
TSH (mIU/L)	2.19 ± 1.09	2.16 ± 1.02	0.487
TPOAb (IU/mL)	22.74 ± 41.30	23.45 ± 46.52	0.638
FT4 (pmol/L)	12.60 ± 1.74	12.17 ± 1.74^b	< 0.001
HbA1c	5.09 ± 0.28	5.19 ± 0.35^b	< 0.001
TyG	9.00 ± 0.38	9.13 ± 0.40^b	< 0.001
ALT/AST	1.01 ± 0.36	0.94 ± 0.34^b	< 0.001
TG/HDL-C	0.99 ± 0.53	1.10 ± 0.58^b	< 0.001
Information about pregnancy
Cesarean section	1508 (38.61)	591 (59.16)^b	< 0.001
Birth week (weeks)	39.09 ± 0.97	38.96 ± 0.96^b	< 0.001
Infant weight (kg)	3.32 ± 0.28	3.97 ± 0.28^b	< 0.001
Infant sex
Boy	2019 (51.69)	505 (50.55)	0.523
Girl	1887 (48.31)	494 (49.45)

^aP < 0.05 vs the gestational diabetes mellitus-normal-for-gestational-age group.

^bP < 0.001 vs the gestational diabetes mellitus-normal-for-gestational-age group.

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA: Large-for-gestational-age; NGA: Normal-for-gestational-age; BMI: Body mass index; WGW: Weight gain during pregnancy measured at the 24^th week; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; AC: Abdominal circumference; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TP: Total protein; ALB: Albumin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; FBG: Fasting plasma glucose; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; FT4: Free tetraiodothyronine; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index.

Citation: Zhu YT, Xiang LL, Chen YJ, Zhong TY, Wang JJ, Zeng Y. Developing and validating a predictive model of delivering large-for-gestational-age infants among women with gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(6): 1242-1253
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i6/1242.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1242