Evaluating new biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy: Role of α2-macroglobulin, podocalyxin, α-L-fucosidase, retinol-binding protein-4, and cystatin C

Table 1 Diagnostic criteria for diabetes (World Health Organization, 1999)

Diagnostic criteria	Venous plasma glucose levels (mmol/L)
Diabetic symptoms and random blood glucose	≥ 11.1 mmol/L
Fasting plasma glucose	≥ 7.0 mmol/L
Plasma glucose 2 h after oral glucose tolerance test	≥ 11.1 mmol/L

At least one of the three diagnostic criteria needs to be met. If there is no typical “three more and one less”, it needs another test to confirm the diagnosis.