Interplay of serum biomarkers bilirubin and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in predicting cardiovascular complications in type-2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Comparative analysis of studies on serum bilirubin and γ-glutamyltransferase levels in cardiovascular diseases based on their geography, cohort size

Ref.	Country	Sample size	Heart disease	Level of γ-GGT	Level of bilirubin	Citation journal	Year
Ruttmann et al[4]	Austria	163944	Various CVDs	Significantly associated with CVD mortality	-	Circulation	2005
Emiroglu et al[2]	Turkey	ACS: 219; Control: 51	Acute coronary syndrome	Higher in ACS patients	-	Acta Diabetol	2010
Fukui et al[8]	-	633	T2DM	-	Inversely correlated with albuminuria and subclinical atherosclerosis	Kidney Int	2008
Dalos et al[3]	-	HFpEF: 274	Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction	Independently associated with outcome	-	Sci Rep	2019
Passamonti et al[10]	-	-	-	-	Present in endothelial cells, antioxidative capacity	Meta Gene	2018
Lin et al[9]	-	-	-	-	Inversely associated with CVD and related diseases	Clinical Chemistry	2010
Cho et al[5]	Korea	9687066	General CVD	Increased levels associated with all-cause and CVD mortality	-	Sci Rep	2023
Baek et al[6]	Korea	1640127	Myocardial infarction, stroke, CVD	Cumulative high levels associated with increased CVD risk	-	Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)	2023
Chen et al[1]	China	T2DM + ACS: 96; T2DM: 85; ACS: 90	ACS	Increased in T2DM + ACS	Protective factor	World J Diabetes	2023

γ-GGT: γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase; CVDs: Cardiovascular diseases; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; T2DM: Type-2 diabetes mellitus; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.