Synaptotagmins family affect glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells through their ubiquitination-mediated degradation and glucose transporter-1 regulation

Figure 8 Animal experiment to verify the inhibition of diabetic retinopathy by synaptotagmins 4 knockdown. A: A kit was used to measure the blood glucose levels of the mice; B: Electronic weighing was used to evaluate the mice; C: HE staining was used to observe retinal structure; D: TUNEL staining was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis; E: Flow cytometry was used to determine Ca²⁺ levels; F: Western blot was used to detect the Ca²⁺ signaling pathway-related proteins CAMK4 and p-CREB; G: The glucose transporter was detected via Western blot; H: The levels of inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6] were measured via ELISA. ^aP < 0.001, vs the control group; ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 vs the model group; ^dP < 0.05, ^eP < 0.01, ^fP < 0.001 vs the model + si- synaptotagmins 4 group. SYT: Synaptotagmins; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin.