Synaptotagmins family affect glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells through their ubiquitination-mediated degradation and glucose transporter-1 regulation

Figure 5 Parkin overexpression inhibits the excessive glucose uptake by ARPE-19 cells induced by high glucose. A: A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to determine cell viability; B: Flow cytometry was used to determine apoptosis; C: Intracellular Ca²⁺ levels were determined by flow cytometry; D: Glucose uptake was detected by a kit; E: GLUT1 expression was detected via Western blot; F: The extent of glucose transporter-1 membrane transfer was examined by immunofluorescence analysis; G: The levels of inflammatory factors [tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6] were measured via ELISA. ^aP < 0.001, vs the NC group; ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.01, ^dP < 0.001 vs the HG group. GLUT1: Glucose transporter-1; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin.