Serum bile acid and unsaturated fatty acid profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients

Table 2 Association between unsaturated fatty acids and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Characteristics	Univariate			Multivariable adjusted
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
MUFAs
C16:1 (≥ 12.90 μmol/L)	2.289	1.429-3.696	0.001a	1.969	1.135-3.439	0.016a
C18:1	1.002	1.000-1.004	0.032a	1.002	1.000-1.004	0.100
C20:1	1.270	1.071-1.543	0.011a	1.224	1.006-1.516	0.055
ω-3 PUFAs
α-C18:3 (≥ 9.21 μmol/L)	2.093	1.309-3.371	0.002a	1.795	1.040-3.113	0.036a
EPA	1.187	1.044-1.376	0.014a	1.208	1.234-1.448	0.006a
ω-3-C22:5	1.239	1.066-1.457	0.007a	1.262	1.051-1.531	0.015a
ω-6 PUFA
γ-C18:3	1.361	1.126-1.694	0.003a	1.381	1.106-1.783	0.008a
MUFAs ratio
ω-6/ω-3	0.904	0.838-0.969	0.006a	0.908	0.832-0.986	0.026a

^aP < 0.05: Statistically significant.

Multivariable adjusted analysis including age, body mass index, sex, systolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes, triglyceride-glucose, hemoglobin A1c, fasting C-Peptide, C-peptide 2 h after meal, uric acid, 8 kinds of hypoglycemic drugs (metformin, acarbose, sulfonylureas, glinides, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium-dependent glucose transporters-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, insulin) and Statins. BAs: Bile acids; CI: Confidence interval; DPP-4 inhibitor: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1 agonists: Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists; MUFAs: Monounsaturated fatty acids; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR: Odds ratios; PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SGLT-2 inhibitor: Sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TZDs: Thiazolidinediones.