Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: Insights into clinical efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, and adherence challenges

Table 1 Different types of insulin with their brand names and pharmacodynamic properties

Type of insulin	Brand name	Onset of action (min)		Peak time (h)		Duration of action (h)	Ref.
Short acting insulin
Human regular insulin	Humulin® R; Novolin® R; Actrapid®	30-60		2-4		6-8	[39]
Ultra-rapid insulin
Ultra-rapid aspart	Fiasp®	2		1-3		3-5	[40]
Ultra-rapid lispro	Lyumjev®	20		1-3		3-4	[41]
Rapid-acting insulin
Insulin lispro	Humalog®	20-30		1-2		≤ 5	[42]
Insulin aspart	Novolog®	15		1-3		3-5	[43]
Insulin glulisine	Apidra®	12-30		1.5		Approximately 4	[44]
Intermediate-acting insulin
NPH insulin	Humulin®; Novolin®	2-4		4-10		Up to 18	[45]
Long-acting insulin
Insulin glargine-100	Lantus®	N/A		No peak		24	[46]
Insulin detemir	Levemir®	N/A		No peak		14-24	[47]
Insulin glargine-300	Toujeo®	N/A		No peak		Up to 36	[48]
Insulin degludac	Tresiba®	N/A		No peak		> 40	[49]
Premixed insulins
Human insulin mix (70/30)	Mixtard® 30; Novolin® 70/30	30		2-10		Up to 24	[50]
Lispro mix (75/25) Lispro mix (50/50)	Humalog® Mix (75/25); Humalog® Mix (50/50)	5-20		1-2		Up to 24	[51]
Aspart mix (70/30)	NovoMix® 30	10-20		1-4		Up to 24	[52]
Degludec/Aspart	Ryzodeg®	15		2-4		> 24	[53]

N/A: Not applicable.