Increasing dietary fiber intake for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review

Table 2 Studies with dietary fiber supplements in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Ref.	Population	Methods	Outcomes
Dall'Alba et al[10], 2013	44 Brazilian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk	PHGG (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet	No significant changes in TG, HDL, SBP, or FG. Decreased waist circumference and HbA1c in the intervention group
Dehghan et al[11], 2014	49 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk	Inulin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d)	Significant decreases in HbA1c (6.82 mmol/mol; 10.4%), and insulin in the intervention group
Dehghan et al[12], 2014	52 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk	Oligofructose + inulin (10 g/d) + standard-diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d)	HbA1c, FG, weight, and BMI significantly decreased in the intervention group
Gargari et al[13], 2015	60 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk	Resistant starch (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d)	Intervention group showed significantly decreased HbA1c (-0.3%; -3.6%), TG (-33.4 mg/dL, -15.4%), and SBP. HDL increased significantly only in the intervention group
Aliasgharzadeh et al[14], 2015	55 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk	Resistant dextrin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d)	Fasted insulin, weight (-3.1 kg)z, and BMI (-1.4) significantly decreased in the intervention group. Decreased HbA1c was not significant in the intervention group
Farhangi et al[15], 2016	54 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk	Resistant dextrin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d)	HbA1c and SBP decreased significantly in the intervention group. No significant changes were observed for BMI
Abutair et al[16], 2016	40 T2DM patients from Palestine, enrolled for 8 wk	Psyllium (10.5 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d)	Significant changes were observed for glycemic control, including Hb1Ac and FG
Pedersen et al[17], 2016	40 T2DM patients from Ucraine, enrolled for 12 wk	Galacto-oligosaccharide (5.5 mg/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (5.5 g/d)	The prebiotic group showed increased HbA1c and fasting glucose
Farhangi et al[21], 2018	55 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk	Resistant dextrin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d)	No significant changes were observed for glycemic control variables, and BMI, except for fasting insulin. Pro-inflammatory markers were significantly decreased in the intervention group
Birkeland et al[18], 2020	25 Norwegian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk	Inulin fructans (16 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d)	No changes in glycemic control were reported, with positive effects on fecal microbiome composition
Vuksan et al[22], 2020	26 Canadian patients (11 T2DM), enrolled for 3 wk	Viscous fiber blend + dietary fiber + standard diet; control group: Dietary fiber + standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d)	No significant effects on FG between groups. SBP and cardiovascular risk were reduced in the intervention group
Birkeland et al[19], 2021	25 Norwegian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk	Inulin fructans (16 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d)	No positive changes in glycemic control following a standard meal were reported
Birkeland et al[20], 2021	29 Norwegian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk	Inulin fructans (16 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d)	No positive changes in glycemic control or weight were reported
Su et al[22], 2022	13 Chinese T2DM patients, enrolled for 12 wk	Fiber consisted of probiotics, prebiotics, and whole grains, including three ready-to-consume prepared foods (44 g/d) + standard diet	The fiber formulation reduced Hb1Ac, weight, blood glucose, and blood pressure in T2D patients

PHGG: Partially hydrolysed guar gum; TG: Triglycerides; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; SBP: Systemic blood pressure; FG: Fasting glucose; BMI: Body mass index; Hb1Ac: Glycated hemoglobin.