Copyright
©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2024; 15(4): 697-711
Published online Apr 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.697
Published online Apr 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.697
Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants by diabetes and controls for analysis of vision acuity1
| < 45 yr | 45-49 yr | 50-54 yr | 55-59 yr | 60-64 yr | ≥ 65 yr | |||||||
| Non-diabetes | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | Diabetes | |
| Age (yr) | 53.1 ± 8.6 | 52.8 ± 8.5 | 54.8 ± 8.5 | 54.7 ± 5.8 | 59.0 ± 7.9 | 58.9 ± 4.8 | 62.5 ± 5.9 | 62.3 ± 3.5 | 65.2 ± 3.6 | 65.0 ± 2.4 | 67.5 ± 2.8 | 67.6 ± 1.3 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 751 (37.6) | 379 (37.9) | 577 (36.4) | 284 (35.8) | 937 (39.2) | 480 (40.2) | 1035 (35.5) | 512 (35.1) | 962 (36.7) | 485 (37.1) | 363 (41.4) | 177 (40.4) |
| Male | 1249 (62.5) | 621 (62.1) | 1009 (63.6) | 509 (64.2) | 1453 (60.8) | 715 (59.8) | 1879 (64.5) | 945 (64.9) | 1656 (63.3) | 824 (62.9) | 513 (58.6) | 261 (59.6) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Whites | 1268 (63.4) | 606 (60.6) | 1078 (68.0) | 518 (65.3) | 1793 (75.0) | 866 (72.5) | 2478 (85.0) | 1223 (83.9) | 2302 (87.9) | 1122 (85.7) | 768 (87.7) | 379 (86.5) |
| Non-whites | 611 (30.6) | 373 (37.3) | 454 (28.6) | 270 (34.0) | 511 (21.4) | 306 (25.6) | 378 (13.0) | 222 (15.2) | 267 (10.2) | 172 (13.1) | 86 (9.8) | 54 (12.3) |
| Unknown | 121 (6.1) | 21 (2.1) | 54 (3.4) | 5 (0.6) | 86 (3.6) | 23 (1.9) | 58 (2.0) | 12 (0.8) | 49 (1.9) | 15 (1.1) | 22 (2.5) | 5 (1.1) |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| 0-5 yr | 585 (29.3) | 285 (28.5) | 490 (30.9) | 215 (27.1) | 683 (28.6) | 330 (27.6) | 755 (25.9) | 359 (24.6) | 619 (23.6) | 306 (23.4) | 193 (22.0) | 92 (21.0) |
| 6-12 yr | 942 (47.1) | 487 (48.7) | 811 (51.1) | 430 (54.2) | 1171 (49.0) | 589 (49.3) | 1359 (46.6) | 693 (47.6) | 1156 (44.2) | 590 (45.1) | 375 (42.8) | 183 (41.8) |
| ≥ 13 yr | 369 (18.5) | 192 (19.2) | 239 (15.1) | 130 (16.4) | 462 (19.3) | 244 (20.4) | 736 (25.3) | 370 (25.4) | 783 (29.9) | 385 (29.4) | 287 (32.8) | 151 (34.5) |
| Missing | 104 (5.2) | 36 (3.6) | 46 (2.9) | 18 (2.3) | 74 (3.1) | 32 (2.7) | 64 (2.2) | 35 (2.4) | 60 (2.3) | 28 (2.1) | 21 (2.4) | 12 (2.7) |
| Household income (pounds) | ||||||||||||
| < 18000 | 475 (23.8) | 266 (26.6) | 359 (22.6) | 217 (27.4) | 607 (25.4) | 330 (27.6) | 842 (28.9) | 418 (28.7) | 796 (30.4) | 414 (31.6) | 286 (32.6) | 165 (37.7) |
| 18000-30999 | 377 (18.9) | 212 (21.2) | 346 (21.8) | 167 (21.1) | 521 (21.8) | 244 (20.4) | 718 (24.6) | 370 (25.4) | 673 (25.7) | 341 (26.1) | 227 (25.9) | 106 (24.2) |
| 31000-51999 | 372 (18.6) | 179 (17.9) | 313 (19.7) | 143 (18.0) | 415 (17.4) | 205 (17.2) | 493 (16.9) | 245 (16.8) | 402 (15.4) | 199 (15.2) | 120 (13.7) | 55 (12.6) |
| 52000-100000 | 256 (12.8) | 113 (11.3) | 234 (14.8) | 106 (13.4) | 298 (12.5) | 151 (12.6) | 301 (10.3) | 149 (10.2) | 220 (8.4) | 106 (8.1) | 52 (5.9) | 23 (5.3) |
| > 100000 | 72 (3.6) | 34 (3.4) | 61 (3.8) | 24 (3.0) | 77 (3.2) | 29 (2.4) | 82 (2.8) | 36 (2.5) | 54 (2.1) | 15 (1.1) | 14 (1.6) | 5 (1.1) |
| Unknown | 132 (6.6) | 76 (7.6) | 70 (4.4) | 56 (7.1) | 122 (5.1) | 83 (6.9) | 117 (4.0) | 71 (4.9) | 126 (4.8) | 71 (5.4) | 44 (5.0) | 24 (5.5) |
| Not answered | 316 (15.8) | 120 (12.0) | 203 (12.8) | 80 (10.1) | 350 (14.6) | 153 (12.8) | 361 (12.4) | 168 (11.5) | 347 (13.3) | 163 (12.5) | 133 (15.2) | 60 (13.7) |
| Physical activity (MET-minutes/week) | 2225 ± 2087 | 2269 ± 2134 | 2154 ± 2019 | 2147 ± 2086 | 2206 ± 2023 | 2180 ± 2171 | 2433 ± 2190 | 2384 ± 2204 | 2410 ± 2206 | 2426 ± 2231 | 2591 ± 2341 | 2518 ± 2271 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
| Never | 233 (11.7) | 156 (15.6) | 178 (11.2) | 106 (13.4) | 205 (8.6) | 135 (11.3) | 213 (7.3) | 107 (7.3) | 168 (6.4) | 91 (7.0) | 60 (6.8) | 30 (6.8) |
| Previous | 110 (5.5) | 78 (7.8) | 96 (6.1) | 58 (7.3) | 138 (5.8) | 85 (7.1) | 170 (5.8) | 81 (5.6) | 131 (5.0) | 77 (5.9) | 55 (6.3) | 34 (7.8) |
| Current | 1595 (79.8) | 755 (75.5) | 1283 (80.9) | 623 (78.6) | 2000 (83.7) | 966 (80.8) | 2509 (86.1) | 1260 (86.5) | 2294 (87.6) | 1133 (86.6) | 751 (85.7) | 371 (84.7) |
| Missing | 62 (3.1) | 11 (1.1) | 29 (1.8) | 6 (0.8) | 47 (2.0) | 9 (0.8) | 22 (0.8) | 9 (0.6) | 25 (1.0) | 8 (0.6) | 10 (1.1) | 3 (0.7) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 1089 (54.5) | 591 (59.1) | 778 (49.1) | 405 (51.1) | 1132 (47.4) | 590 (49.4) | 1271 (43.6) | 648 (44.5) | 1144 (43.7) | 550 (42.0) | 383 (43.7) | 182 (41.6) |
| Former | 581 (29.1) | 260 (26.0) | 563 (35.5) | 258 (32.5) | 946 (39.6) | 458 (38.3) | 1308 (44.9) | 648 (44.5) | 1220 (46.6) | 632 (48.3) | 410 (46.8) | 222 (50.7) |
| Current | 260 (13.0) | 130 (13.0) | 222 (14.0) | 124 (15.6) | 273 (11.4) | 130 (10.9) | 312 (10.7) | 145 (10.0) | 221 (8.4) | 109 (8.3) | 70 (8.0) | 31 (7.1) |
| Missing | 70 (3.5) | 19 (1.9) | 23 (1.5) | 6 (0.8) | 39 (1.6) | 17 (1.4) | 23 (0.8) | 16 (1.1) | 33 (1.3) | 18 (1.4) | 13 (1.5) | 3 (0.7) |
| Sleep duration (h) | ||||||||||||
| < 7 | 580 (29.0) | 313 (31.3) | 474 (29.9) | 281 (35.4) | 652 (27.3) | 347 (29.0) | 745 (25.6) | 392 (26.9) | 594 (22.7) | 314 (24.0) | 231 (26.4) | 98 (22.4) |
| 7-9 | 1274 (63.7) | 625 (62.5) | 1025 (64.6) | 461 (58.1) | 1604 (67.1) | 782 (65.4) | 2043 (70.1) | 982 (67.4) | 1880 (71.8) | 923 (70.5) | 610 (69.6) | 320 (73.1) |
| > 9 | 64 (3.2) | 39 (3.9) | 48 (3.0) | 37 (4.7) | 72 (3.0) | 42 (3.5) | 90 (3.1) | 63 (4.3) | 102 (3.9) | 55 (4.2) | 23 (2.6) | 11 (2.5) |
| Missing | 82 (4.1) | 23 (2.3) | 39 (2.5) | 14 (1.8) | 62 (2.6) | 24 (2.0) | 36 (1.2) | 20 (1.4) | 42 (1.6) | 17 (1.3) | 12 (1.4) | 9 (2.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.3 ± 6.7 | 31.2 ± 6.7 | 31.8 ± 6.6 | 32.0 ± 6.3 | 31.0 ± 6.1 | 31.3 ± 5.6 | 30.8 ± 5.5 | 30.9 ± 5.1 | 30.6 ± 5.5 | 30.6 ± 5.1 | 29.8 ± 4.9 | 30.1 ± 4.9 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.67 ± 1.01 | 4.62 ± 1.11 | 4.63 ± 1.00 | 4.59 ± 1.08 | 4.59 ± 0.95 | 4.58 ± 1.06 | 4.58 ± 0.95 | 4.52 ± 1.05 | 4.68 ± 0.95 | 4.61 ± 1.04 | 4.71 ± 0.96 | 4.68 ± 1.06 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 1.23 ± 0.33 | 1.21 ± 0.31 | 1.22 ± 0.33 | 1.24 ± 0.30 | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 1.24 ± 0.30 | 1.27 ± 0.30 | 1.26 ± 0.31 | 1.29 ± 0.32 | 1.27 ± 0.31 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.83 ± 0.75 | 2.81 ± 0.83 | 2.79 ± 0.72 | 2.78 ± 0.78 | 2.75 ± 0.68 | 2.76 ± 0.78 | 2.72 ± 0.68 | 2.70 ± 0.76 | 2.80 ± 0.69 | 2.76 ± 0.77 | 2.83 ± 0.71 | 2.82 ± 0.78 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.88 ± 1.28 | 1.92 ± 1.15 | 2.08 ± 1.47 | 2.07 ± 1.22 | 2.01 ± 1.37 | 2.00 ± 1.10 | 2.11 ± 1.41 | 2.10 ± 1.21 | 2.01 ± 1.21 | 2.02 ± 1.04 | 1.96 ± 1.19 | 1.98 ± 1.01 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.6 ± 5.3 | 53.5 ± 16.62 | 36.6 ± 5.0 | 52.8 ± 15.62 | 37.0 ± 4.9 | 51.2 ± 13.82 | 37.1 ± 5.3 | 49.4 ± 12.52 | 37.3 ± 7.0 | 47.4 ± 10.92 | 37.6 ± 10.3 | 45.5 ± 9.62 |
| Hypertension | 1058 (52.9) | 528 (52.8) | 971 (61.2) | 480 (60.5) | 1486 (62.2) | 746 (62.4) | 1883 (64.6) | 930 (63.8) | 1707 (65.2) | 842 (64.3) | 547 (62.4) | 280 (63.9) |
| Heart disease | 200 (10.0) | 99 (9.9) | 177 (11.2) | 95 (12.0) | 314 (13.1) | 157 (13.1) | 481 (16.5) | 230 (15.8) | 447 (17.1) | 222 (17.0) | 158 (18.0) | 78 (17.8) |
| Depression | 162 (8.1) | 84 (8.4) | 129 (8.1) | 66 (8.3) | 146 (6.1) | 70 (5.9) | 190 (6.5) | 95 (6.5) | 127 (4.9) | 63 (4.8) | 24 (2.7) | 12 (2.7) |
- Citation: Ye ST, Shang XW, Huang Y, Zhu S, Zhu ZT, Zhang XL, Wang W, Tang SL, Ge ZY, Yang XH, He MG. Association of age at diagnosis of diabetes with subsequent risk of age-related ocular diseases and vision acuity. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(4): 697-711
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i4/697.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.697