Association of age at diagnosis of diabetes with subsequent risk of age-related ocular diseases and vision acuity

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by diabetes and controls for analysis of ocular conditions

	< 45 yr1		45-49 yr1		50-54 yr1		55-59 yr1		60-64 yr1		≥ 65 yr1
	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes	Non-diabetes	Diabetes
Age (yr)	51.9 ± 8.4	51.9 ± 7.9	54.7 ± 8.6	54.7 ± 5.8	58.7 ± 7.8	58.7 ± 4.8	62.2 ± 5.9	62.0 ± 3.5	65.0 ± 3.6	64.9 ± 2.4	67.6 ± 2.7	67.6 ± 1.4
Gender
Female	1032 (36.8)	506 (36.1)	743 (33.4)	400 (36.0)	1163 (37.0)	600 (38.2)	1312 (36.0)	652 (35.8)	1075 (35.8)	541 (36.0)	402 (39.5)	202 (39.7)
Male	1774 (63.2)	897 (63.9)	1481 (66.6)	712 (64.0)	1979 (63.0)	971 (61.8)	2330 (64.0)	1169 (64.2)	1927 (64.2)	960 (64.0)	616 (60.5)	307 (60.3)
Ethnicity
Whites	1937 (69.0)	968 (69.0)	1634 (73.5)	812 (73.0)	2522 (80.3)	1255 (79.9)	3225 (88.6)	1600 (87.9)	2715 (90.4)	1352 (90.1)	939 (92.2)	469 (92.1)
Non-whites	785 (28.0)	421 (30.0)	535 (24.1)	296 (26.6)	548 (17.4)	297 (18.9)	367 (10.1)	207 (11.4)	245 (8.2)	141 (9.4)	71 (7.0)	36 (7.1)
Unknown	84 (3.0)	14 (1.0)	55 (2.5)	4 (0.4)	72 (2.3)	19 (1.2)	50 (1.4)	14 (0.8)	42 (1.4)	8 (0.5)	8 (0.8)	4 (0.8)
Education
0-5 yr	863 (30.8)	379 (27.0)	640 (28.8)	266 (23.9)	839 (26.7)	397 (25.3)	907 (24.9)	436 (23.9)	650 (21.7)	318 (21.2)	206 (20.2)	105 (20.6)
6-12 yr	1270 (45.3)	687 (49.0)	1108 (49.8)	597 (53.7)	1524 (48.5)	776 (49.4)	1631 (44.8)	853 (46.8)	1368 (45.6)	681 (45.4)	419 (41.2)	202 (39.7)
≥ 13 yr	567 (20.2)	292 (20.8)	421 (18.9)	225 (20.2)	706 (22.5)	361 (23.0)	1044 (28.7)	493 (27.1)	927 (30.9)	477 (31.8)	369 (36.2)	192 (37.7)
Missing	106 (3.8)	45 (3.2)	55 (2.5)	24 (2.2)	73 (2.3)	37 (2.4)	60 (1.6)	39 (2.1)	57 (1.9)	25 (1.7)	24 (2.4)	10 (2.0)
Household income (pounds)
< 18000	680 (24.2)	418 (29.8)	575 (25.9)	320 (28.8)	846 (26.9)	470 (29.9)	1075 (29.5)	550 (30.2)	912 (30.4)	528 (35.2)	372 (36.5)	209 (41.1)
18000-30999	529 (18.9)	285 (20.3)	446 (20.1)	242 (21.8)	696 (22.2)	328 (20.9)	868 (23.8)	445 (24.4)	751 (25.0)	371 (24.7)	267 (26.2)	121 (23.8)
31000-51999	535 (19.1)	244 (17.4)	420 (18.9)	211 (19.0)	576 (18.3)	273 (17.4)	600 (16.5)	297 (16.3)	454 (15.1)	218 (14.5)	110 (10.8)	55 (10.8)
52000-100000	369 (13.2)	152 (10.8)	319 (14.3)	129 (11.6)	356 (11.3)	184 (11.7)	353 (9.7)	171 (9.4)	227 (7.6)	102 (6.8)	52 (5.1)	22 (4.3)
> 100000	101 (3.6)	44 (3.1)	67 (3.0)	25 (2.2)	80 (2.5)	34 (2.2)	99 (2.7)	42 (2.3)	55 (1.8)	17 (1.1)	14 (1.4)	5 (1.0)
Unknown	212 (7.6)	103 (7.3)	128 (5.8)	77 (6.9)	169 (5.4)	121 (7.7)	182 (5.0)	96 (5.3)	178 (5.9)	92 (6.1)	57 (5.6)	32 (6.3)
Not answered	380 (13.5)	157 (11.2)	269 (12.1)	108 (9.7)	419 (13.3)	161 (10.2)	465 (12.8)	220 (12.1)	425 (14.2)	173 (11.5)	146 (14.3)	65 (12.8)
Physical activity (MET-minutes/week)	2287 ± 2162	2264 ± 2201	2281 ± 2153	2223 ± 2176	2205 ± 1959	2197 ± 2142	2350 ± 2204	2366 ± 2231	2475 ± 2230	2376 ± 2188	2553 ± 2113	2523 ± 2360
Alcohol consumption
Never	365 (13.0)	209 (14.9)	250 (11.2)	142 (12.8)	296 (9.4)	148 (9.4)	272 (7.5)	121 (6.6)	191 (6.4)	92 (6.1)	73 (7.2)	33 (6.5)
Previous	196 (7.0)	125 (8.9)	141 (6.3)	96 (8.6)	201 (6.4)	129 (8.2)	216 (5.9)	130 (7.1)	141 (4.7)	116 (7.7)	61 (6.0)	33 (6.5)
Current	2192 (78.1)	1063 (75.8)	1804 (81.1)	868 (78.1)	2623 (83.5)	1288 (82.0)	3144 (86.3)	1563 (85.8)	2662 (88.7)	1292 (86.1)	881 (86.5)	442 (86.8)
Missing	53 (1.9)	6 (0.4)	29 (1.3)	6 (0.5)	22 (0.7)	6 (0.4)	10 (0.3)	7 (0.4)	8 (0.3)	1 (0.1)	3 (0.3)	1 (0.2)
Smoking
Never	1549 (55.2)	831 (59.2)	1082 (48.7)	554 (49.8)	1524 (48.5)	741 (47.2)	1605 (44.1)	779 (42.8)	1261 (42.0)	627 (41.8)	406 (39.9)	191 (37.5)
Former	846 (30.1)	366 (26.1)	783 (35.2)	380 (34.2)	1245 (39.6)	639 (40.7)	1621 (44.5)	840 (46.1)	1472 (49.0)	728 (48.5)	511 (50.2)	274 (53.8)
Current	368 (13.1)	193 (13.8)	341 (15.3)	173 (15.6)	355 (11.3)	176 (11.2)	400 (11.0)	188 (10.3)	251 (8.4)	133 (8.9)	99 (9.7)	41 (8.1)
Missing	43 (1.5)	13 (0.9)	18 (0.8)	5 (0.4)	18 (0.6)	15 (1.0)	16 (0.4)	14 (0.8)	18 (0.6)	13 (0.9)	2 (0.2)	3 (0.6)
Sleep duration (h)
< 7	871 (31.0)	462 (32.9)	685 (30.8)	391 (35.2)	907 (28.9)	475 (30.2)	957 (26.3)	517 (28.4)	705 (23.5)	359 (23.9)	249 (24.5)	124 (24.4)
7-9	1768 (63.0)	845 (60.2)	1436 (64.6)	653 (58.7)	2076 (66.1)	1002 (63.8)	2533 (69.5)	1205 (66.2)	2151 (71.7)	1071 (71.4)	727 (71.4)	358 (70.3)
> 9	107 (3.8)	72 (5.1)	57 (2.6)	52 (4.7)	106 (3.4)	70 (4.5)	116 (3.2)	80 (4.4)	112 (3.7)	56 (3.7)	31 (3.0)	18 (3.5)
Missing	60 (2.1)	24 (1.7)	46 (2.1)	16 (1.4)	53 (1.7)	24 (1.5)	36 (1.0)	19 (1.0)	34 (1.1)	15 (1.0)	11 (1.1)	9 (1.8)
BMI (kg/m2)	31.4 ± 6.8	31.5 ± 6.5	31.7 ± 6.6	31.9 ± 6.2	31.6 ± 6.4	31.8 ± 5.9	31.1 ± 5.7	31.2 ± 5.4	30.6 ± 5.4	30.8 ± 5.2	30.0 ± 4.8	30.2 ± 4.8
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.70 ± 1.02	4.63 ± 1.10	4.64 ± 0.98	4.60 ± 1.09	4.63 ± 0.96	4.57 ± 1.07	4.59 ± 0.97	4.52 ± 1.03	4.65 ± 0.96	4.60 ± 1.04	4.76 ± 1.01	4.66 ± 1.05
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.22 ± 0.32	1.21 ± 0.32	1.21 ± 0.30	1.21 ± 0.32	1.23 ± 0.31	1.23 ± 0.30	1.23 ± 0.31	1.22 ± 0.30	1.25 ± 0.31	1.25 ± 0.30	1.28 ± 0.31	1.26 ± 0.31
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.85 ± 0.73	2.83 ± 0.82	2.80 ± 0.71	2.79 ± 0.80	2.77 ± 0.70	2.76 ± 0.78	2.73 ± 0.69	2.72 ± 0.75	2.78 ± 0.70	2.77 ± 0.78	2.86 ± 0.73	2.80 ± 0.77
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.03 ± 1.43	2.02 ± 1.22	2.12 ± 1.47	2.10 ± 1.24	2.12 ± 1.43	2.09 ± 1.20	2.15 ± 1.38	2.16 ± 1.23	2.06 ± 1.27	2.08 ± 1.06	2.04 ± 1.20	2.07 ± 1.09
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	36.3 ± 5.4	54.3 ± 17.22	36.7 ± 5.8	52.6 ± 15.52	36.9 ± 5.5	51.4 ± 14.22	37.3 ± 5.3	49.7 ± 12.42	37.3 ± 6.7	47.6 ± 10.82	37.5 ± 4.5	46.5 ± 10.42
Hypertension	1501 (53.5)	764 (54.5)	1307 (58.8)	671 (60.3)	2079 (66.2)	1012 (64.4)	2414 (66.3)	1179 (64.7)	1963 (65.4)	984 (65.6)	643 (63.2)	340 (66.8)
Heart disease	301 (10.7)	147 (10.5)	306 (13.8)	154 (13.8)	450 (14.3)	221 (14.1)	607 (16.7)	293 (16.1)	556 (18.5)	271 (18.1)	183 (18.0)	90 (17.7)
Depression	300 (10.7)	142 (10.1)	167 (7.5)	99 (8.9)	230 (7.3)	109 (6.9)	284 (7.8)	142 (7.8)	160 (5.3)	82 (5.5)	42 (4.1)	22 (4.3)

¹Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

²Refers to significant difference between diabetes participants and controls. T-test was used to test the difference of continuous variables between diabetes participants and controls and Chi-square for categorical variables.

Data are mean ± SD, or n (%). BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET: Metabolic equivalent.