Correlation of periodontal inflamed surface area with glycated hemoglobin, interleukin-6 and lipoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes with retinopathy

Table 1 Socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of study subjects

Variables		T2DM with DR (n = 40)	T2DM without DR (n = 40)	P value
Age, yr (mean ± SD)		53.85 ± 6.86	54.03 ± 10.75	0.093
Gender frequency, n (%)	Male	31 (77.5)	17 (42.5)	0.001
	Female	9 (22.5)	23 (57.5)
Education frequency, n (%)	Illiterate	0	1 (2.5)	0.172
	Primary school	5 (12.50)	4 (10)
	Middle school	21 (52.50)	12 (30.0)
	High school	11 (27.50)	21 (52.5)
	Diploma and above	3 (7.5)	2 (5.0)
Socioeconomic status frequency, n (%)	APL	25 (62.5)	19 (47.5)	0.178
	BPL	15 (37.5)	21 (52.5)
Behavioural
Smoking status, n (%)	Current smoker	1 (2.5)	1 (2.5)	0.49
	Ex-smoker	5 (12.5)	2 (5.0)
	Non-smoker	34 (85.0)	37 (92.5)
Frequency of teeth cleaning (daily), n (%)	Once	23 (57.5)	19 (47.5)	0.44
	Twice	17 (42.5)	20 (50.0)
	After every meal	0 (0)	1 (2.5)
Clinical (mean ± SD)
Duration of DM (yr)		11.94 ± 6.83	8.07 ± 4.87	0.005a
DI-S		1.78 ± 0.69	1.22 ± 0.54	< 0.001a
CI-S		1.15 ± 0.79	1.00 ± 0.67	0.36
OHI-S		2.90 ± 1.38	2.22 ± 1.12	0.02a
PI		1.72 ± 0.57	1.54 ± 0.62	0.19
DMFT		7.48 ± 4.08	5.53 ± 4.45	0.04a

^aP <0.05.

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; APL: Above the poverty line; BPL: Below the poverty line; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CI-S: Calculus index-simplified; DI-S: Debris index-simplified; DMFT: Decayed, missing, filled teeth; OHI-S: Oral hygiene index-simplified; PI: Plaque index.