Jianpi Gushen Huayu decoction ameliorated diabetic nephropathy through modulating metabolites in kidney, and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 and JNK/P38 pathways

Figure 7 Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction could improve kidney inflammatory responses and kidney injury in diabetic nephropathy mice via the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 pathway and inhibit kidney cell apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy mice via the JNK/P38 pathway. It is possibly related to regulate cysteine and methionine metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and riboflavin metabolism in kidney. NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; 5-HTTP: 5-hydroxytryptophan; NAS: N-acetylserotonin; 5-HIAA: 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; ASC: Protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; IL: Interleukin.