Jianpi Gushen Huayu decoction ameliorated diabetic nephropathy through modulating metabolites in kidney, and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 and JNK/P38 pathways

Figure 4 Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction treatment alters the metabolites in kidneys. A: Score plots of PCA among control, model, and high-dose Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction (JPGSH) groups; B and C: Score plots and permutation tests of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) between the control and model groups; D and E: Score plots and permutation tests of PLS-DA between the model and JPGSH groups; F: Results of the pathway analysis between the control and model groups; G: Results of the pathway analysis between the model and JPGSH groups. Common pathways are marked in red. The names of the pathways are represented by “a” to “k”: a: Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; b: Arachidonic acid metabolism; c: Butanoate metabolism; d: Cysteine and methionine metabolism; e: Glycerophospholipid metabolism; f: Histidine metabolism; g: Riboflavin metabolism; h: Steroid hormone biosynthesis; i: Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies; j: Tryptophan metabolism; k: Tyrosine metabolism. n = 6 per group. JPGSH: High-dose Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction.