Jianpi Gushen Huayu decoction ameliorated diabetic nephropathy through modulating metabolites in kidney, and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 and JNK/P38 pathways

Figure 3 Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in kidneys. A: The activities of superoxide dismutase; B: The activities of glutathione peroxidase; C: Malondialdehyde level; D: Interleukin (IL)-6 levels; E: IL-1β levels; F: Tumor necrosis factor-α levels. ^bP < 0.01 as compared to the control group; ^cP < 0.05 as compared to the model group; ^dP < 0.01 as compared to the model group. JPGSL: Low-dose Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction; JPGSM: Medium-dose Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction; JPGSH: High-dose Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction; IRBE: Irbesartan; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; IL-6: Interleukin 6; IL-1β: Interleukin 1 beta; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.