Myosteatosis is associated with coronary artery calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.429

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Mar 15, 2024 (publication date) through Nov 26, 2024

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2024; 15(3): 429-439
Published online Mar 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.429

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Variables	All patients (n = 652)	T2DM group (n = 485)	T2DM + SCAC group (n = 167)	P value
Male (%)	425 (65.2)	312 (64.3)	113 (67.7)	0.453
Age (yr)	55.95 ± 10.87	53.75 ± 10.62	62.34 ± 8.94	< 0.001
Diabetes duration (yr)	8.97 ± 7.13	7.87 ± 6.36	12.15 ± 8.22	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	25.79 ± 3.66	25.87 ± 3.61	25.56 ± 3.79	0.358
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	7.67 ± 2.23	7.53 ± 2.19	8.09 ± 2.31	0.018
Fasting C peptide (ng/mL)	2.27 ± 1.06	2.25 ± 0.97	2.32 ± 1.30	0.581
Hemoglobin A1c (%)	8.71 ± 2.19	8.76 ± 2.23	8.59 ± 2.06	0.384
HOMA2-β	166.51 ± 93.75	169.89 ± 92.31	155.97 ± 97.78	0.170
HOMA2-IR	5.62 ± 2.67	5.55 ± 2.48	5.84 ± 3.20	0.314
Hemoglobin (g/L)	138.69 ± 21.98	139.77 ± 22.44	135.52 ± 20.30	0.032
Albumin (g/L)	43.14 ± 4.51	43.34 ± 4.31	42.55 ± 5.01	0.071
Alanine transaminase (U/L)	18.20 (13.30, 27.80)	19.35 (13.93, 28.90)	15.90 (12.20, 21.90)	< 0.001
Creatinine (mg/L)	61.38 ± 16.65	60.30 ± 15.78	64.49 ± 18.66	0.010
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	5.65 ± 1.59	5.52 ± 1.45	6.04 ± 1.90	< 0.001
Cystatin C (mg/L)	1.00 ± 0.29	0.97 ± 0.25	1.11 ± 0.35	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.44 (0.98, 2.24)	1.44 (0.98, 2.32)	1.39 (0.95, 1.99)	0.199
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.63 ± 1.56	4.70 ± 1.33	4.44 ± 2.09	0.059
HDL (mmol/L)	1.18 ± 0.38	1.18 ± 0.40	1.16 ± 0.33	0.506
LDL (mmol/L)	2.77 ± 1.18	2.86 ± 1.22	2.53 ± 1.05	0.002
FT3 (pmol/L)	4.53 ± 1.40	4.61 ± 1.57	4.30 ± 0.71	0.016
FT4 (pmol/L)	16.58 ± 3.04	16.57 ± 3.08	16.59 ± 2.91	0.943
TSH (pmol/L)	2.25 ± 1.41	2.24 ± 1.37	2.30 ± 1.54	0.597
SBP (mmHg)	136.23 ± 19.06	136.10 ± 19.82	136.63 ± 16.72	0.736
DBP (mmHg)	81.13 ± 13.00	81.19 ± 13.43	80.95 ± 11.68	0.840
MMA (HU)	36.41 ± 7.29	37.24 ± 7.23	34.02 ± 6.95	< 0.001
Myosteatosis (%)	309 (47.4)	199 (41.0)	110 (65.9)	< 0.001
CHD (%)	166 (25.5)	96 (19.8)	70 (41.9)	< 0.001
SMI (cm²/m²)	46.71 ± 9.31	47.18 ± 9.30	45.34 ± 9.23	0.027
FMI (kg/m²)	8.56 ± 1.79	8.51 ± 1.79	8.68 ± 1.79	0.290
Cigarette smoking (%)	261 (40.0)	170 (35.1)	91 (54.5)	< 0.001
Alcohol intake (%)	295 (45.2)	204 (42.1)	91 (54.5)	0.007
Dyslipidemia (%)	369 (56.6)	282 (58.1)	87 (52.1)	0.176
Hypertension (%)	308 (47.2)	215 (44.3)	93 (55.7)	0.012
Diabetic complications (%)	564 (86.5)	410 (84.5)	154 (92.2)	0.012
DN (%)	247 (37.9)	169 (34.8)	78 (46.7)	0.007
DPN (%)	498 (76.4)	362 (74.6)	136 (81.4)	0.091
LEAD (%)	105 (16.1)	73 (15.1)	32 (19.2)	0.223
DR (%)	185 (28.4)	118 (24.3)	67 (40.1)	< 0.001
Antidiabetics (%)	569 (87.3)	411 (84.7)	158 (94.6)	0.001
Insulin (%)	249 (38.2)	172 (35.5)	77 (46.1)	0.016
Metformin (%)	434 (66.6)	310 (63.9)	124 (74.3)	0.017
Sulphonylureas (%)	312 (47.9)	230 (47.7)	82 (49.1)	0.720
Acarbose (%)	257 (39.4)	180 (37.1)	77 (46.1)	0.044
Others (%)	167 (25.6)	120 (24.7)	47 (28.1)	0.411
Lipid-lowering drugs (%)	140 (21.5)	84 (17.3)	56 (33.5)	< 0.001
Statins (%)	131 (20.1)	75 (15.5)	56 (33.5)	< 0.001
Fibrates (%)	9 (1.4)	9 (1.9)	0 (0.0)	0.121
Antihypertensive drugs (%)	237 (36.3)	158 (32.6)	79 (47.3)	0.001
ACE inhibitors (%)	33 (5.1)	20 (4.1)	13 (7.8)	0.068
ARBs (%)	105 (16.1)	71 (14.6)	34 (20.4)	0.088
Calcium antagonists (%)	134 (20.6)	89 (18.4)	45 (26.9)	0.020
β-Blockers (%)	64 (9.8)	36 (7.4)	28 (16.8)	0.001
Diuretics (%)	32 (4.9)	22 (4.5)	10 (6.0)	0.533
Aspirin (%)	145 (22.2)	84 (17.3)	61 (36.5)	< 0.001

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; SCAC: Severe coronary artery calcification; HOMA2-β: Homeostasis model assessment 2 of beta-cell function; HOMA2-IR: Homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance; HDL: High-density lipoproteins; LDL: Low-density lipoproteins; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; CHD: Coronary heart disease; SMI: Skeletal muscle index; MMA: Mean skeletal muscle attenuation; FMI: Fat mass index; DN: Diabetic nephropathy; DPN: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; LEAD: Lower extremity arterial disease; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker.

Citation: Liu FP, Guo MJ, Yang Q, Li YY, Wang YG, Zhang M. Myosteatosis is associated with coronary artery calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(3): 429-439
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i3/429.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.429