Associations between Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index, bone mineral density and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients

Table 4 Comparison of baseline characteristics among older type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Characteristics	Total (n = 470)	GNRI tertile 1 (n = 167)	GNRI tertile 2 (n = 162)	GNRI tertile 3 (n = 141)	F/H/χ2	P value
Women [n (%)]	184 (39.1)	69 (41.3)	63 (38.9)	52 (36.9)	0.636	0.425
Age (yr)	61.12 ± 7.25	62.6 ± 7.56	61.43 ± 7.01	59.02 ± 6.70	18.962	< 0.001
Height (cm)	166.69 ± 8.1	165.5 ± 7.80	167.1 ± 8.55	167.62 ± 7.79	5.425	0.020
Weight (kg)	70.00 (62.00-80.00)	62.00 (57.00-70.00)	72.50 (65.00-80.00)	80.00 (72.00-85.50)	12.768	< 0.001
Diabetes duration (yr)	8.68 ± 6.62	10.13 ± 6.79	8.74 ± 6.90	6.89 ± 5.62	18.945	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.39 (23.32-27.55)	23.05 (21.34-24.57)	25.71 (24.33-27.11)	28.01 (26.51-29.75)	15.296	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	136.16 ± 15.49	135.35 ± 17.25	138.2 ± 15.13	134.78 ± 13.42	0.049	0.825
DBP (mmHg)	80.65 ± 9.75	79.15 ± 10.12	81.93 ± 9.93	80.96 ± 8.86	2.998	0.084
Hypertension [n (%)]	267 (56.8)	95 (56.9)	96 (59.3)	76 (53.9)	0.237	0.626
GNRI (score)	105.09 (98.93-110.98)	97.09 (93.08-99.55)	105.57 (103.59-107.63)	113.94 (111.77-118.57)	22.930	< 0.001
Glucose-lowering therapies [n (%)]
Lifestyle alone	63 (13.4)	17 (10.2)	24 (14.8)	22 (15.6)	2.019	0.155
Insulin treatments	175 (37.2)	74 (44.3)	59 (36.4)	42 (29.8)	6.938	0.008
Insulin secretagogues	178 (37.9)	71 (42.5)	60 (37.0)	47 (33.3)	2.771	0.096
Insulin sensitizers	59 (12.6)	19 (11.4)	22 (13.6)	18 (12.8)	0.152	0.697
Metformin	230 (48.9)	68 (40.7)	79 (48.8)	83 (58.9)	10.012	0.002
AGIs	76 (16.2)	17 (10.2)	26 (16.0)	33 (23.4)	9.802	0.002
DPP-4Is	38 (8.1)	14 (8.4)	14 (8.6)	10 (7.1)	0.158	0.691
SGLT-2Is	67 (14.3)	17 (10.2)	27 (16.7)	23 (16.3)	2.509	0.113
GLP-1RAs	26 (5.5)	3 (1.8)	9 (5.6)	14 (9.9)	9.636	0.002
Statins	84 (17.9)	25 (15.0)	33 (20.4)	26 (18.4)	0.707	0.400
Laboratory findings
HbA1c (%)	8.98 ± 1.82	9.47 ± 1.93	8.86 ± 1.61	8.54 ± 1.79	21.198	< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)	38.25 (35.8-41)	35.80 (33.50-37.30)	38.40 (36.70-40.60)	41.70 (39.70-44.00)	15.071	< 0.001
Cr (µmol/L)	61.5 ± 23.74	61.93 ± 27.54	60.59 ± 24.35	62.03 ± 17.46	0.000	0.994
UA (µmol/L)	310.35 ± 92.39	282.96 ± 85.27	314.1 ± 89.47	338.47 ± 95.18	29.509	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.78 (1.15-2.87)	1.42 (0.97-2.44)	1.75 (1.18-2.62)	2.29 (1.41-3.83)	5.347	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.37 ± 1.04	4.27 ± 1.04	4.34 ± 1.03	4.53 ± 1.04	4.991	0.026
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.16 ± 0.27	1.15 ± 0.29	1.18 ± 0.26	1.13 ± 0.27	0.348	0.555
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.79 ± 0.87	2.75 ± 0.87	2.77 ± 0.84	2.87 ± 0.9	1.525	0.218
TBil (µmol/L)	11.31 ± 4.89	10.43 ± 4.91	11.56 ± 4.89	12.06 ± 4.75	8.890	0.003
OS (ng/mL)	11.81 ± 4.23	12.07 ± 4.63	11.93 ± 4.19	11.37 ± 3.76	1.992	0.159
β-CTX (ng/mL)	0.45 ± 0.23	0.5 ± 0.25	0.44 ± 0.22	0.39 ± 0.18	22.076	< 0.001
TP1NP (ng/mL)	40.34 ± 14.84	40.65 ± 14.83	40.96 ± 15.33	39.26 ± 14.33	0.617	0.433
DXA parameters (g/cm2)
LS-BMD	0.95 ± 0.16	0.91 ± 0.15	0.98 ± 0.18	0.97 ± 0.14	12.015	0.001
FN-BMD	0.75 ± 0.12	0.71 ± 0.11	0.77 ± 0.13	0.78 ± 0.10	29.138	< 0.001
H-BMD	0.89 ± 0.13	0.84 ± 0.12	0.9 ± 0.14	0.93 ± 0.11	45.242	< 0.001
T-BMD	1.08 ± 0.12	1.06 ± 0.12	1.09 ± 0.13	1.1 ± 0.11	10.818	0.001
Body composition
Total body fat (%)	30.69 ± 6.68	28.72 ± 6.83	30.62 ± 5.81	33.09 ± 6.71	34.740	< 0.001
Android/gynoid ratio	1.31 ± 0.21	1.24 ± 0.22	1.33 ± 0.21	1.36 ± 0.19	28.386	< 0.001
Fat mass index (kg/m2)	7.32 (6.17-8.99)	6.26 (4.97-7.51)	7.38 (6.42-8.59)	8.70 (7.20-10.56)	10.212	< 0.001
Lean mass index (kg/m2)	16.94 (15.56-18.51)	15.82 (14.71-17.03)	17.17 (15.92-18.43)	18.56 (16.77-19.81)	10.488	< 0.001
ASMI (kg/m2)	7.02 ± 1.09	6.44 ± 0.91	7.09 ± 0.97	7.63 ± 1.08	112.733	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic/diastolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GNRI: Geriatric nutritional risk index; AGIs: α-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4Is: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT-2Is: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; GLP-1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TBil: Total bilirubin; OS: Osteocalcin; β-CTX: β-collagen special sequence; TP1NP: Total type I procollagen N-terminal extension peptide; DXA: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; LS-BMD: Lumbar spine (L1-L4) bone mineral density; FN-BMD: Femoral neck bone mineral density; H-BMD: Hip bone mineral density; T-BMD: Total (whole-body) bone mineral density; ASMI: Appendicular skeletal muscle index.